| A | B |
|---|
| Organic Molecules | Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things |
| Carbohydrates | major source of energy and include sugars and starches. Used by plants and animals for maintaining structure within the cells. |
| Proteins | Nitrogen-containing compounds made up of chains of amino acids. can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components |
| Lipids | water-insoluble (fats and oils) |
| Saturated | with hydrogen, single bonds |
| Unsaturated | double bonds |
| Nucleic Acids | genetic information an organism receives from its parents, two types RNA and DNA |
| Chloroplast | capture solar energy for photosynthesis |
| Golgi Body | package, distribute products |
| Lysosome | digests excess products and food particles |
| Mitochondria | ransform energy through respiration |
| Nucleus | contains DNA which controls cellular activities |
| Ribosome | produce proteins |
| Vacuole | store substances |
| Cell Membrane | phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis |
| Cell wall | rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell |
| Cytoplasm | fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound structures (organelles) that perform various functions |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | site of chemical reactions - ROUGH: contains ribosomes - SMOOTH: lipid production |
| Cytoskeleton | provides internal structure - MICROFILAMENTS: fibers - MICROTUBULES: cylinders |
| Unicellular | organism that exists as a singular, independent cell |
| Multicellular | organism that exists as specialized groups of cells; cells are organized into tissues that perform the same function; tissues form organs and organs make up an organ system |
| Prokaryote | has nuclear material in the center of the cell, but is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane; no membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria and blue-green bacteria |
| Eukaryote | contain a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists |
| Cell Specialization | - cells >>>> tissues >>>> organs >>>> organ systems >>>> organism |
| Passive Cell Transport | movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of the cell’s energy |
| Diffusion | movement of substances across the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration |
| Active Transport | movement of substances across the plasma membrane that requires the use of the cell’s energy and carrier molecules; substances are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration |
| Homeostasis | internal equilibrium; the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell; a selectively permeable membrane only allows certain substances to pass through |
| Cellular Respiration | food molecules are converted to energy; there are three stages to cellular respiration; the first stage is called glycolysis and is anaerobic |
| Photosynthesis | plant cells capture energy from the Sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates); plant cells then convert the carbohydrates into energy during cellular respiration; the ultimate source of energy for all living things is the Sun |
| ATP | is a molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the cell needs it; removing a phosphate group (P) releases energy for chemical reactions to occur in the cell and ATP becomes ADP; when the cell has energy, the energy is stored in the bond when the phosphate group is added to the ADP |
| Fermentation | when cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this process occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again; glucose is broken down; there are two types of fermentation |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Type of fermentation that only happens in muscle cells |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Type of fermentation that only happens in plant cells |
| Aerobic Respiration | release of energy from the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen |
| Anaerobic Respiration | - breakdown of food substances with out oxygen with the production of a small amount of energy |
| Enzymes | Catalysts, Provide energy to cells, Build new cells, Aid in digestion, Break down complex molecules, |
