| A | B |
|---|
| Copernicus | Discovered the heliocentric theory |
| Kepler | Discovered planetary motion |
| Galileo | Used the telescope to support the heliocentric theory |
| Newton | Discovered the laws of gravity |
| Harvey | Discovered circulation of the blood |
| Louis XIV | French absolute monarch, Versailles |
| Peter the Great | Russian absolute monarch, westernization |
| Oliver Cromwell | Puritan who led the English Civil War and then became a dictator |
| Charles I | ENglish king who wanted absolute power but was executed |
| Charles II | English monarch restored to the throne after Oliver Cromwell's death |
| William and Mary | rulers after the Glorious Revolution |
| Count Cavour | unified northern Italy |
| Garibaldi | joined southern Italy to northern Italy |
| Bismarck | led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings |
| Realpolitik | Bismarck's philosophy that the ends justify the means to achieve and hold power |
| Third Estate | French poor and middle class group that began the revolution by storming the Bastille |
| Louis XVI | French absolute monarch who was executed during the reign of terror |
| Napoleon | French dictator who conquered most of Europe, Napoleonic code |
| Hobbes | Wrote Leviathan, humans exist in a primitive state of nature and consent to government for self-protection |
| Locke | Two Treatises on Government, people are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights |
| Montesquieu | Wrote the Spirit of Laws, the best form of government includes a separation of powers |
| Rousseau | Wrote the Social Contract, government is a contract between rulers and the people |
| Voltaire | Religious toleration should triumph over fanaticism |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | Led slave revolt in Haiti, inspired by the French Revolution |
| Simon Bolivar | Led revolutions all over northern Latin America |
| Viceroys | Latin American colonial rulers, often former conquistadors |
| Bach | Baroque composer |
| Mozart | Classical composer |
| Cervantes | Wrote the novel Don Quixote |
| Delacroix | Painter in the transition to the Romantic School |
