| A | B |
|---|
| The Parthenon | Greek temple built at the Acropolis in Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena |
| Monarchy | The earliest form of government in Athens, it involves a single King who holds power absolutely and passes their rule down from generation to generation |
| Aristocracy | from of government where the wealthy land holding nobles hold power |
| Tyranny | Form of government where one person seizes power militarily and has absolute control |
| Direct Democracy | form of government in Athens where the people hold power and can vote directly on decisions |
| Doric Column | the simplest of the three Greek column types found on the Parthenon |
| Ionic column | The Greek column that features a top curled on each side |
| Corinthian Column | The most complex and intricate of the three column types it features leaves near the top of the column |
| The New Testament | a book compiled by the followers of Jesus, it is a collection of his teachings and part of Christianity's holy book |
| Church Councils | early church meetings designed to establish and organize official church doctrine (beliefs) |
| Mosaics | Byzantine art form using tiles of dyed glass to make a picture |
| Icons | religious pictures or statues found in churches and used for worship |
| Cyrillic | The Alphabet created by Cyril to teach Christianity to the slavs |
| Hagia Sophia | Famous domed church in Constantinople constructed by Justinian and later turned into a mosque and then a museum |
| Orthodox Christianity | Form of christianity practiced in the Eastern Roman empire |
| The Schism | term for the division of the Christian Religion into the Catholic and Orthodox Churches |
| Catholic Christianity | form of christianity practiced in the Western Empire |
| The Koran | Holy book for Islam |
| 5 pillars of Islam | key beliefs and duties of the followers of Islam |
| Arabic | official language of Islam |
| Mecca and Medina | the two holiest cities for Islam |
| The Dome of the Rock | famous Islamic mosque in Jerusalem it is the greatest example of Islamic architecture |
| The Battle of Tours | famous battle that ended Islamic expansion into Western Europe. |
| Papyrus | Reed that grew along the Nile and was used to make paper |
| Theocracy | Where the government leader is also the religious leader |
| Hieroglyphics | The Egyptian writing system based on pictures |
| Axum | Christian Kingdom, located near the Ethippian highlands |
| Zimbabwe | Kingdom known for its stone fortresses, located in between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers |
| Bureaucracy | A group of government officials and advisors who assist the King |
| The Koran | The Muslim Holy Book |
| Gold and Salt | The two most important trade items in West Africa |
| Timbuktu | The great city in West Africa that was a center for learning and worship |
| Animism | The belief that all living things have a soul, led many kingdoms to believe in ancestor worship |
| Ghana, Mali, Songhai | The famous empires of West Africa |
| Dynasty | When all the rulers of a country come from one family |
| Rosetta Stone | important artifact to help with deciphering Egytian Hieroglyphics |
| Pharaoh | The Title Egyptian leaders took for themselves, meaning "Great house of the King" and was believed to be part God |
| Hinduism | Oldest religion founded in India, it features many different versions of the same god or universal spirit |
| Vedas and Upanishads | The sacred texts of Hinduism |
| Caste System | A rigid social structure in India, in which society is dicided into four seperate classes and there is no social mobility |
| Dharma | this was the duty in life that Hindus were supposed to follow if they wanted to accumulate good Karma. |
| Kharma | According to Hindus this was accumulated by following one's Dharma and would determine what one's next life would be. |
| Reincarnation | the belief in a cycle of life where one's spirit is reborn when they die into another form |
| Zoroastrianism | A religion founded in Persia that depicted life as a struggle between good and evil. It may have influenced Christianity and Judaism |
| The Four Noble Truths | The basic principles or philosophy of Buddhism. |
| The Eightfold Path | Part of the Four Noble Truths, this was what Buddhists were supposed to follow if they wanted to end their desires and reach nirvana. |
| The Gupta Empire | It was during this time period that India entered its Golden Age and made great contributions in art, literature and education. |
| Nirvana | According to Buddhists this was the state where you would eliminate your desires and end suffering. |
| Royal Road | This was built in Persia to help connect the vast Persian Empire and increase communication |
| Buddhism | Major religion that developed in India but spread to Asia and focused on ending suffering by ending one's desires. |
| Monotheism | Belief in one god |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Specialized Labor | Focusing on one type of labor rather than doing lots of different types of work that were based around survival |
| The Phoenicians | civilization of sea-traders on the Mediterranean Coast |
| The Ten Commandments | from the Hebrews, and Moses this described moral and religious conduct |
| Mesopotamia | "The land between the two Rivers" |
| Cuneiform | the earliest writing system created by the Sumerians |
| The earliest written law code from Ancient Babylon | Code of Hammurabi |
| City-State | political unit typically with a walled city and the farmland that surrounded it |
| The alphabet | the greatest contribution made by the Phoenicians |
| The Hebrews | The group who founded the first monotheisic religion |
| The exchange of ideas and technology from one civilization to another | cultural diffusion |
| Jerusalem | the captial of the Kingdom of Israel constructed by David |
| The Diaspora | means "the scattering" and represents the state that the Hebrews lived in after being forced out of their homeland |
| Pictograms | a writing system where pictures or symbols represent entire word or ideasideas |
| the philosophy of justice put forth by the Code of Hammurabi | "Eye for an Eye" |
| The social structure of most early river civilizations | rigid with very little movement between classes |
| The people with the lowest status in early river civilizations | slaves |
| Holy Roman Emperor | title given to Charlemagne by the Pope which made him the protector of Christianity |
| Monastaries | established by the Catholic church they spread christianity the latin alphabet and built schools and hospitals for people in Europe |
| Feudal System | social system of the Middle ages with little social mobility |
| Fiefs | land grants given out by Kings or Nobles in the Feudal system in exchange for military support or labor |
| the 100 years war | series of conflicts between England and France that helped define those countries as Nations |
| Moscow | city that Russia was centered around after Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols |
| Spanish Inquisition | attempt by the Spanish to make people become Catholic by force |
| The Black Death | terrible disease that cost Europe 1/3 of its population |
| Crusades | series of military expeditions led by Christians in Europe to reconquer the "holy lands" in Jerusalem from the Muslims |
| Crusader States | Trade centers established by the crusaders in Syria and Palestine |
| Pantheon | Temple dedicated to all of the Roman Gods |
| Forum | The roman center for politics and trade |
| Colliseum | Large stadium built for public entertainment such as Gladiator battles |
| Aqueducts | an example of Roman technology, they were built to move water over large areas of land |
| Pax Romana | Rome's 200 year period of peace and prosperity |
| Latin | the official language of the Roman Empire it influenced many other languages |
| Apostles | followers of Jesus of Nazareth who spread his teachings and wrote accounnts of his life |
| Pope | the Patriarch of Rome, became the religious leader for the western Roman empire |
| New Testament | A collection of writings by Jesus' followers that tell of Jesus's teachings and life, it is part of the Holy Bible |
| Bishops | religious leaders in the early Christian Church |
| The Roman Arch | an architectural design that was able to support more weight than previous structures |
| Church Councils | early meetings by Christian leaders designed to establish official church doctrines or beliefs |
| The Aeneid | written by Virgil it is a great piece of Roman literature and is somewhat similar to the Odyssey |
| Constantinople | The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, named after Constantine |
| Representative Democracy | form of government where people elect representatives to make decisions in the government for them rather than vote directly on every decision |
| Consuls | head of the executive branch in rome, elected for 1 year terms |
| Patricians | highest social class in Rome, consisted of wealthy nobility |
| Plebeians | common people in Rome |
| Tribunes | official representatives of the Plebeians and the Assembly of Tribes |
| Senate | more powerful house of Rome's legislative branch, made of 300 members who served for life |
| 12 tables | Rome's public law code |
| Dictator | person elected in time of crisis to have absolute power |
| Veto | "I forbid" it was used by the consuls to overrule a decision made by the opposite consul |
| Carthage | Rome's rival during the Punic Wars |
| First Triumvirate | Alliance between Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey that would eventually collapse into a civil war between Caesar and Pompey |
| Second Triumvirate | alliance between Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus formed after the death of Julius Caesar |
