| A | B |
|---|
| Berlin Conference | meeting of fourteen European nations in 1884–85; purpose was to establish rules for the division of Africa.; agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area; conducted with little thought about how African ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed |
| imperialism | seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country; motivated by need for resources to fuel stronger countries’ industrial production; leads to the domination of political, economic and social life in the weaker countries |
| racism | belief that one race is superior to others; in the late 19th and early 20th century, imperialism was intensified this belief; belief is also supported by Social Darwinism because non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made the scientific and technological progress that Europeans had; European countries believed that they had the right and the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries |
| Shaka | Zulu chief who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state in Africa that challenged British rule |
| Boers | (Dutch for “farmers”); people who gradually took Africans’ land and established large farms in southern Africa; also known as Afrikaners. |
| Boer War | war between the British and Afrikaners (1899-1910); the first modern “total” war including the use of commando raids, guerrilla tactics against the British, burning farms, imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps; Britain finally won the war and the rebel republics were joined into a self-governing Union of South Africa, which was controlled by the British |
| colony | a country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power |
| protectorate | a country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power |
| sphere of influence | an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges |
| economic imperialism | an independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments |
| paternalism | attitude held by stronger powers toward weaker powers who are viewed as being unable to handle the complex business of running a country; policy that provides for the needs of a weaker country’s people but does not give them rights; also requires that the stronger country brings in its own bureaucrats and avoid training the local people in methods of governing |
| assimilation | the adoption of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people; a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs |
| Menelik II | emperor of Ethiopia beginning in 1889; successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other as they tried to bring Ethiopia into their spheres of influence; built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased rom France and Russia. In 1889, controlled Ethiopia in 1896 during one of the greatest battles in the history of Africa—the Battle of Adowa—in which Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and kept their nation independent |
| geopolitics | an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or resources |
| Crimean War | war broke between the Russians and Ottomans; started because Russia wanted to control land on the Black Sea; Ottomans were supported by British and French and won the war |
| Suez Canal | human-made water way through the Isthmus of Suez that connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean |
| East India Company | English company that set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta in the 1600s; leading power in India from 1757 until 1858 |
| sepoy | Indian soldier |
| “brightest jewel in the crown” | India, the most valuable of all Britain’s colonies due to its large population (a huge market for British goods) and its large supply of raw materials (necessary for industrialization) |
| Sepoy Mutiny | uprising against the British caused by rumor that offended both Muslims and Hindus; started in 1857 and continued for more than a year until the East India Company regained control of the country |
| Pacific Rim | the countries that border the Pacific Ocean - especially those of Asia |
| annexation | the adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Hawaii’s only queen and the last monarch of Hawaii who refused to renew a treaty giving commercial privileges to foreign businesses; removed from power after American businessmen such as Sanford B. Dole worked against her bid for a new constitution that would have increased her power and restored political power to Hawaiians at the expense of wealthy planters |
| Muhammad Ali | leader of Egypt who kept his country independent and whose grandson ruled during the building of the Suez Canal |
