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| Social darwinists | a 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated. |
| conservatism | a political philosophy advocating the preservation of the best of the established order in society and opposing radical change |
| Communist Manifesto | a political pamphlet written by Marx and Engels in 1848: a fundamental statement of Marxist principles |
| Claude monet | 1840--1926, French landscape painter; the leading exponent of impressionism. His interest in the effect of light on colour led him to paint series of pictures of the same subject at different times of day. These include Haystacks (1889--93), Rouen Cathedral (1892--94), the Thames (1899--1904), and Water Lilies (1899--1906) |
| Impressionism | ( usually initial capital letter ) a style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th century, characterized chiefly by short brush strokes of bright colors in immediate juxtaposition to represent the effect of light on objects. |
| Jeremy Bentham | 1748--1832, British philosopher and jurist: a founder of utilitarianism. His works include A Fragment on Government (1776) and Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) |
| Louis Blanc | (born Oct. 29, 1811, Madrid, Spain—died Dec. 6, 1882, Cannes, Fr.), French utopian socialist, noted for his theory of worker-controlled “social workshops.” |
| Franz Schubert | 1797--1828, Austrian composer; the originator and supreme exponent of the modern German lied. His many songs include the cycles Die Schöne Müllerin (1823) and Die Winterreise (1827). His other works include symphonies and much piano and chamber music including string quartets and the Trout piano quintet (1819) |
| Realism | the tendency to view or represent things as they really are. |
| Karl Marx | 1818--83, German founder of modern communism, in England from 1849. With Engels, he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848). He developed his theories of the class struggle and the economics of capitalism in Das Kapital (1867; 1885; 1895). He was one of the founders of the International Workingmen's Association (First International) (1864) |
| Herbert Spencer | 1820--1903, English philosopher, who applied evolutionary theory to the study of society, favouring laissez-faire doctrines |
| Edmund Burke | 1729--97, British Whig statesman, conservative political theorist, and orator, born in Ireland: defended parliamentary government and campaigned for a more liberal treatment of the American colonies; denounced the French Revolution |
| Nationalism | a sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a policy of national independence or separatism |
| Charles Dickens | pen name Boz. 1812--70, English novelist, famous for the humour and sympathy of his characterization and his criticism of social injustice. His major works include The Pickwick Papers (1837), Oliver Twist (1839), Nicholas Nickleby (1839), Old Curiosity Shop (1840--41), Martin Chuzzlewit (1844), David Copperfield (1850), Bleak House (1853), Little Dorrit (1857), and Great Expectations (1861) |
| Auguste Comte | 1798--1857, French mathematician and philosopher; the founder of positivism |
