| A | B |
|---|
| Alexander I | 1777--1825, tsar of Russia (1801--25), who helped defeat Napoleon and formed the Holy Alliance (1815) |
| July Ordinances | ere a series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister, in July 1830. Compelled by what he felt to be a growing, manipulative radicalism in the elected government, Charles felt that as king by right of birth, his primary duty was the guarantee of order and happiness in France and its people; not in political bipartisanship and the self-interpreted rights of implacable political enemies. The result was that on 9 July 1830, Charles announced that in his interpretation of, and in full compliance with, Article 14 of the Charte, |
| Decembrist Revolt | took place in Imperial Russia .This uprising, which was suppressed by Nicholas I, took place in the Senate Square in Saint Petersburg. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. |
| Six Acts | In Britain, following the Peterloo Massacre of August 16, 1819, the British government acted to prevent any future disturbances by the introduction of new legislation,which labelled any meeting for radical reform as "an overt act of treasonable conspiracy". The Parliament of the United Kingdom had reconvened on 23 November were introduced by the Home Secretary Lord Sidmouth. By 30 December the legislation was passed, despite the opposition of the Whigs. were aimed at gagging radical newspapers, preventing large meetings, and reducing what the government saw as the possibility of armed insurrection. were introduced by Liverpool as part of his repressive approach on Britain, thus to prevent a revolution. |
| Reform bill of 1832 | an Act of Parliament (2 & 3 Will. IV) that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. |
| Lord Talleyrand | French diplomat. He worked successfully at the highest level (usually as foreign minister) for the regime of Louis XVI, through several governments of the French Revolution and then for Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis-Philippe. |
| Lord Castlereigh | an Irish and British statesman. As British Foreign Secretary, from 1812 he was central to the management of the coalition that defeated Napoleon and was the principal British diplomat at the Congress of Vienna. |
| George Hegel | one of the most influential western philosophers of the 19th century. While a professor in Heidelberg and Berlin he wrote his most famous works, The Phenomenology of the Mind (1806), The Science of Logic (1812) and The Philosophy of Right (1821). |
| Carlsbad Decrees | resolutions adopted by the ministers of nine German states at a meeting called at Carlsbad in 1819 by Prince Metternich: aim was the suppression of revolutionary activities especially in the universities. |
| Corn Laws | regulating domestic and foreign trading of grain, the last of which was repealed in 1846. |
| Clemens von Metternich | a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. One of his first tasks was to engineer a détente with France that included the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian Arch-Duchess Marie Louise. Soon after, however, he engineered Austria's entry into the War of the Sixth Coalition on the Allied side, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna which divided post-Napoleonic Europe between the major powers. |
| Ultra-Royalists | a reactionary faction which sat in the French parliament from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration. |
| Chartism | British history the principles of the reform movement in Britain from 1838 to 1848, which included manhood suffrage, payment of Members of Parliament, equal electoral districts, annual parliaments, voting by ballot, and the abolition of property qualifications for MPs |
| Edmund Burke | 1729--97, British Whig statesman, conservative political theorist, and orator, born in Ireland: defended parliamentary government and campaigned for a more liberal treatment of the American colonies; denounced the French Revolution |
| Charter of 1814 | a constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration. The Congress of Vienna demanded that Louis bring in a constitution of some form before he was restored. |
| Carbonari | a secret political society with liberal republican aims, originating in S Italy about 1811 and particularly engaged in the struggle for Italian unification |
| Russification | to cause to become Russian in character |
| The Revolution of 1830 | a revolutionary wave in Europe. It included two "romantic" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | 1805--72, Italian nationalist. In 1831, in exile, he established the Young Italy association in Marseille, which sought to unite Italy as a republic. In 1849 he was one of the triumvirate that ruled the short-lived Roman republic |
| Concert of Europe | An agreement or understanding between the chief European powers to take only joint action in the (European) Eastern Question. |
