| A | B |
|---|
| Mary Stuart | 1542--87, queen of Scotland (1542--67); daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was married to Francis II of France (1558--60), her cousin Lord Darnley (1565--67), and the Earl of Bothwell (1567--71), who was commonly regarded as Darnley's murderer. She was forced to abdicate in favour of her son (later James VI of Scotland) and fled to England. Imprisoned by Elizabeth I until 1587, she was beheaded for plotting against the English crown |
| King Phillip II | was King of Spain[1] (second Philip to Castille, first to Catalonia-Aragon and the fourth to Navarre) from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581 (as Philip I, Filipe I). From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554–58), he was also King of England and Ireland.[2][3] From 1555, he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. |
| Peace of Augsburg | was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, |
| King Louis XIII | ) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged to the French crown. |
| King Henry VII | was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor. |
| Holy Roman Emperor Charles V | was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II as King of Spain in 1556. |
| Queen Elizabeth I | became one of the most effective monarchs in British history. She succeeded Mary I in 1558 and reigned for the next 44 years. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642) |
| Ship money | English history a tax levied to finance the fitting out of warships: abolished 1640 |
| Act of Supremacy | was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. It is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Royal Supremacy is specifically used to describe the legal sovereignty of the civil laws over the laws of the Church in England.Henry had been declared "Defender of the Faith" (Fidei Defensor) in 1521 by Pope Leo X for his pamphlet accusing Martin Luther of heresy. |
| King Louis XIV | was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death.[1 |
| William of Orange | King of England and Scotland and Ireland; he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702) [syn: William III] |
| Peter the Great | known as Peter the Great. 1672--1725, tsar of Russia (1682--1725), who assumed sole power in 1689. He introduced many reforms in government, technology, and the western European ideas. He also acquired new territories for Russia in the Baltic and founded the new capital of St Petersburg (1703) |
| Frederick William | ( "the Great Elector" ) 1620–88, elector of Brandenburg who increased the power and importance of Prussia. |
| Henry of Navarre | 1553--1610, first Bourbon king of France (1589--1610). He obtained toleration for the Huguenots with the Edict of Nantes (1598) and restored prosperity to France following the religious wars (1562--98) |
| Oliver Cromwell | 1599--1658, English general and statesman. A convinced Puritan, he was an effective leader of the parliamentary army in the Civil War. After the execution of Charles I he quelled the Royalists in Scotland and Ireland, and became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth (1653--58) |
| Michael Romanov | (12 July 1596 – 12 July 1645) was the first Russian Tsar of the house of Romanov |
| King Henry VIII | ruled England from 1509-1547 and remains one of that country's most famous and controversial kings. |
| Edict of Nantes | a law, promulgated by Henry IV in 1598, granting considerable religious and civil liberty to the Huguenots: revoked by Louis XIV in 1685. |
| Mary Tudor | 1516--58, queen of England (1553--58). The daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, she married Philip II of Spain in 1554. She restored Roman Catholicism to England and about 300 Protestants were burnt at the stake as heretics |
| Ivan IV | 1530--84, grand duke of Muscovy (1533--47) and first tsar of Russia (1547--84). He conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1556), and Siberia (1581), but was defeated by Poland in the Livonian War (1558--82) after which his rule became increasingly oppressive |
