| A | B |
|---|
| Schelswig-Holstein | two contiguous duchies of Denmark that were a center of international tension in the 19th century: Prussia annexed Schleswig 1864 and Holstein 1866. |
| Napoleon III | 1808--73, Emperor of the French (1852--70); nephew of Napoleon I. He led two abortive Bonapartist risings (1836; 1840) and was elected president of the Second Republic (1848), establishing the Second Empire in 1852. Originally successful in foreign affairs, he was deposed after the disastrous Franco-Prussian War |
| religion | a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. |
| Red Shirts | is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the colour of their shirts (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots). is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the colour of their shirts (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots). is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the colour of their shirts (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots). |
| Lajos Kossuth | 1802--94, Hungarian statesman. He led the revolution against Austria (1848) and was provisional governor (1849), but he fled when the revolt was suppressed (1849) |
| Young Italy | a political society in Italy advocating the unification of Italy, founded by Mazzini in 1831 to replace the Carbonari. |
| Treaty of Prague | a peace treaty signed at Prague on 23 August 1866, which ended the Austro-Prussian War. |
| Prussia | a former German state in N and central Germany, extending from France and the Low Countries to the Baltic Sea and Poland: developed as the chief military power of the Continent, leading the North German Confederation from 1867--71, when the German Empire was established; dissolved in 1947 and divided between East and West Germany, Poland, and the former Soviet Union. Area: (in 1939) 294 081 sq km (113 545 sq miles) |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | 1805--72, Italian nationalist. In 1831, in exile, he established the Young Italy association in Marseille, which sought to unite Italy as a republic. In 1849 he was one of the triumvirate that ruled the short-lived Roman republic |
| Rhineland | a former province in W Germany, mostly W of the Rhine: now divided between Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine–Westphalia. |
| Crimean War | the war fought mainly in the Crimea between Russia on one side and Turkey, France, Sardinia, and Britain on the other (1853-56) |
| Victor Emmanuel II | 1820--78, king of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849--78) and first king of Italy from 1861 |
| the papacy | the system of ecclesiastical government in which the pope is recognized as the supreme head. |
| Garibaldi | 1807--82, Italian patriot; a leader of the Risorgimento. He fought against the Austrians and French in Italy (1848--49; 1859) and, with 1000 volunteers, conquered Sicily and Naples for the emerging kingdom of Italy (1860) |
| Russia | the tsarist empire in Asia and E Europe, overthrown by the Russian Revolution of 1917 |
| realpolitik | a ruthlessly realistic and opportunist approach to statesmanship, rather than a moralistic one, esp as exemplified by Bismarck |
| Plombieres | is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège |
| Otto von Bismarck | a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states (excluding Austria) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871 he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to preserve German hegemony in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace. |
| Dual Monarchy | the monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918 |
| Count Cavour | a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. He was the founder of the original Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a position he maintained (except for a six-month resignation) throughout the Second Italian War of Independence and Garibaldi's campaigns to unite Italy |
