| A | B |
|---|
| Black Legend | the mistaken belief that the conquistadors brought only misery to the New World, when in fact they also laid the foundations for nations |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Ferdinand and Isabella while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors in the New World, comprised of soldiers, peasants, artisans, and middle class |
| Crusades | series of wars fought to reclaim Christian Holy Lands, created a European interest in Asian goods |
| Encomienda | Spanish system that gave Indians to the colonists in return for the promise to try and Christianize them |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | married to unite the kingdom of Spain, reconquered Spain from the Muslims, funded Columbus |
| Magellan | attempted to circumnavigate the the globe, which his crew did after he died in the Philippines (1522) |
| Anasazi | ancient civilization in southwestern US, declined by about 1300 |
| Cahokia | Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis |
| Iroquois | northeastern Indian nation, developed an organized government and military |
| Sugar Revolution | increase in the European demand for sugar, fueled by its success in the Caribbean |
| Taino | native people of Hispaniola, population was decimated by Spanish invasion |
| Three sisters agriculture | Native American method of planting corn, beans, and squash together |
| Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer of Florida, which he thought was an island, looked for gold |
| Cortes | Spanish conqueror of Mexico, destroyed Tenochtitlan (1521) |
| Mission Indians | Indians that were adopted into Christian missions and taught Christianity and crafts |
| Coronado | searched for fabled golden cities, explored Arizona, Kansas and New Mexico, discovered Grand Canyon and bison |
| Tidewater region | region of flat, low-lying plains along the coast |
| Franciscans | members of the Catholic religious order founded by St. Francis |
| Pizarro | Spanish explorer who defeated the Incas in Peru in 1532 |
| Joint stock companies | small investors combined their funds to pay for expeditions to the New World |
| Marco Polo | Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324). He brought accounts back to Europe, creating a European interest in Asia. |
| Mestizos | people of mixed European and Native American descent |
| Mississippian culture | North American civilization of mound builders with a prosperous society |
| Montezuma | king of the Aztecs when Cortez landed in Mexico |
| Pope's Rebellion | Pueblo uprising in New Mexico in 1680 that destroyed Catholic churches and took control for almost 50 years |
| Queen Elizabeth | queen of England, founded the Anglican Church, supported joint stock companies, pushed for discovery in the New World |
| Spanish Armada | huge Spanish fleet that was used to protect holding in the New World, sent to conquer England in 1588, its defeat was the beginning of the end for Spain |
| Tenochtitlan | capital city of the Aztecs, conquered by Cortez, Mexico City was built on the same site |
| Treaty of Tordesilles | divided the world between Spain and Portugal (1494) |
| Balboa | Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519) |
| Maize | form of North American corn, staple of many Native American cultures |
