| A | B |
|---|
| Guild System | a group of merchants and master craftsworkers that were extremely powerful |
| Partnership | join principals in a common enterprise working together |
| Middle Class | a wealthy social class that rose up in 1050 made up of master artisans, merchants, and their families |
| William the Conqueror | King of Normandy; conquered England and became the King of England as well |
| Limited Monarchy | a government in which limits are set on the ruler's power |
| Absolute Monarchy | a government in which ruler has complete power |
| Divine Right | the theory that monarchs receive their power from God and consequently should not be questioned or disobeyed |
| Parliament | an official group of representatives |
| King John | a much-disliked king who ruled from 1199 to 1216 and who was forced to sign the Magna Carta; King Richard's brother |
| Magna Carta | it means "great charter" in Latin; a document in which King John agreed to recognize the barons' rights and privileges |
| Grand Jury System | decided whether there is enough evidence to go to trial |
| Trial Jury System | decided whether the victim is innocent or guilty |
| Common Laws | decisions of the royal judges that were written down and used as guides for future cases, replacing older, unwritten laws |
| Precedent | previous court decisions or legal rulings that form a basis for subsequent law |
| "Age of Faith" | the time period in which the church had absolute control |
| Depose | remove |
| Heresy/heretic | the holding of beliefs that the church considered wrong/ people accused of heresy |
| Inquisition | a church court that searched for suspected heretics and put them on trial |
| Friar | monks who did not live in monasteries, but wandered among the people, preaching and doing good works |
| Infidel | one who is not a Christian or opposes Christianity |
| Concordat of Worms | an agreement in which Henry gave up the right to appoint bishops |
| Reconquest | the five hundred-year struggle in which Christian kingdoms tried to recover the rest of Spain |
| Crusades | the 6 wars led by European Christians seeking to regain the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks |
| Saladin | a brave Kurdish warrior who became Sultan of Egypt and champion of Islam; he fought Richard and wounded him in the third crusade |
| Richard the Lion Hearted | a well-liked English king who was also known as being and adventurer; brother of King John |
| Tithe | approximately 10% of someone's income that went to the church or lord of the manor |
| Salvation | the key to heaven |
| Excommunication | the act of expelling a person from the Roman Catholic Church |
