| A | B |
|---|
| hieroglyphics | the ancient Egyptian system of writing that used symbols to stand for ideas, objects or sounds |
| Rosetta Stone | unlocked the secrets of hieroglyphics |
| mummy | a preserved body of the dead |
| Pharaoh | the title used by the rulers of Ancient Egypt |
| Howard Carter | discovered Tut's tomb |
| pyramids | burial tombs for pharaohs "stairways to the afterlife" |
| papyrus | Egyptian writing material made by pounding reeds together; grows along the Nile, also for sandals and mats |
| scribe | a professional writer who kept records, copied letters, official documents |
| canopic jars | where the internal organs of an embalmed person were put; the lids on the jars were shared like the animal heads of different gods |
| sphinx | a pyramid/sculpture with the head of a man and the body of a lion |
| Queen Hatshepsut | one of the few Egyptian pharaohs, often depicted or dressed as a man (fake beard), large amount of power, brought economic success to Egypt, was resented and artifacts were defiled |
| delta | the flat, fan-shaped land mode of silt deposited at the mouth of a river (where Nile empties into the Mediterranean) - Northern Egypt/lower Egypt |
| Amulet | a charm or piece of jewelry worn as protection against evil |
| where Egypt is located | Africa |
| why was the Nile River important | water to drink, for crop irrigation, papyrus grows on banks, bathing, wash clothes, mud for making bricks, and transportation |
| Why did Egyptians build pyramids and why did the stop building them | burial place for pharaohs, help insure a proper after life for the pharaohs; too much money, didn't foil robbers, drain on resources and waters |
| polytheistic | belief in many gods |
| monotheistic | belief in one god |
| what is the book of the dead? | a guide for safe passage to the afterlife, 5 parts (book of what is in the underworld, book of gates, book of caverns, book of earth) |
| peninsula | land surrounded by water on three sides |
| democracy | government by citizens; citizens vote to make governmental decisions |
| city-state | a self-governing city, often with surrounding lands and villages, there were many city-states in Greece because they were separated by geographic barriers |
| acropolis | a large hill in Ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety at times of war and met to discuss community affairs |
| mythology | religion of the ancient Greeks based on myths, stories and legends pertaining to the gods and goddesses, explained natural occurrences |
| epic | a long poem (i.e. The Illiad) |
| Agora | a central area in greek cities used both as a market place and as a meeting place |
| Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley, his conquests spread greek culture throughout parts of 3 continents |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher who discussed laws, customs, values, and religion with students; accused or urging young people to revolt, he was sentenced to death |
| Homer | Ancient Greek poet (wrote The Illiad and The Odyssey) |
| Parthenon | the chief temple of the greek goddess Athena on the hill on the acropolis in Athens, Greece |
| Athens | democracy, boys were highly educated, strong navy |
| Sparta | simple life (no luxury), no trading with other city-states, life focused on military, oligarchy |
| roles of men and women in Athens | men; formally schools, trained in sports, able to participate in government, women; educated at home on beliefs and running a house |
| geography of Greece | peninsula, continent of Europe, hilly and mountains |
| why was pottery important in Greece | told stories (myths) and depicted everyday life/scenes, practical purposes (held foods and liquids), red figure/black figure |
| Where were olympics held | Olympia |
| List purposes of olympics | athletic competition, to honor the god Zeus, social gathering, setting for political discussions |
| plebeians | a common farmer, trader, or craft worker in Ancient Rome |
| Patricians | a member of the noble families who controlled all power in the early years of the Roman Republic |
| Gladiators | a roman athlete, usually a slave, criminal, or prisoner of war, who was forced to fight for the entertainment of the public |
| Colosseum | large stadium in Ancient Rome that was famous for gladiators battling |
| Pax Romana | a period of peace for the Roman empire that began with the rule of Augustus in 27 BC and lasted around 200 years |
| Republic | government which a small group of citizens control decision making |
| monarchy | a government ruled by a king or queen |
| dictator | a ruler with complete authority |
| twelve tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians in about 450 BC, that became the foundation for Roman law |
| Pantheon | a large temple built in Ancient Rome to honor many gods and goddesses |
| geography of Rome | Italy, Europe; good soil, natural resources (wood), inland location, hilly for protection |
| why is Pompeii important to people today? | preserved by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, told us about life in ancient times |
| Julius Caesar | Roman general who became republic's dictator in 45 BC, ruled as a dictator and was killed because of it, helped Cleopatra, created a basis for current calendar, gave land to his soldiers and free grain to poor citizens, increased the number of people who could serve the senate, people felt he was destroying the traditions of Rome's republic |
| Emperor Constantine | reunited the Roman empire, became a supporter of Christianity - made Christianity its official religion |
| Why Roman Empire fell apart | government too large, unknown who would be next leader, divided into east and west, emperors were weak/senate lost power, low number in army, Germanic tribes invaded, population decreased, had to hire soldiers from foreign lands, stopped conquering lands, raise taxes, severe unemployment, food scare, spread of Christianity, people didn't care |
| Augustus Caesar/Octavian | 1st emperor, beginning of Pax Romana, added many provinces/roads/bridges/aqueducts, powerful ruler and general, created single system of government and money throughout the empire |
| Romulus and Remus | legendary figures who were believed to have founded Rome, fought over the naming of the city and Romulus killed Rome, thus the name Rome came about |
| How Roman Republic worked | citizens; plebians (farmers, craftsmen, traders), patricians (nobles), non-citizens (slaves), formed republic citizens choose leaders, elected representatives to act for them, first written laws (12 Tables) |
| Punic wars | a series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage in the 200's BC, ending in a victory for Rome |
| self-sufficient | able to supply one's own needs without external assistance (outside sources) |
| Magna Carta | a legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights and limited the power of the king |
| in between what two time periods did the Magna Ages fall? | between ancient and modern times |
| what were some results of the crusades | increased trade, made the use of money more common, feudalism weakened, increased interest in learning, exposure to new inventions |
| Feudalism | a system for organizing and governing society based on land and service (fief, lord, and vassal), system of government in the middle ages |
| manoralism | life on a manor; manor governed by lord (made rules and acted as judge), self-sufficient, 3 field system (2 planted/1 follow) |
| describe a knight and three steps to become a knight | followed code of chivalry, outfitted with helmet, chainmail, swords, horses, leather, and suit of armor, little education, taught by clergy (read and write), ladies taught them manners, religion very important to them, 3 steps; page, squire, knight |
| code of chivalry | a set of rules that a knight must follow (honor religion, honor and protect lords, defend ladies, etc) |
| list steps of medieval social pyramid | king, lord, vassal, peasant |
| fief | property given to a vassal in exchange for his loyalty |
| why did feudalism end | crusades (left manor), many died in battle or peasants didn't go back/vassals and lords owed money, rise of towns (less self-sufficiency, more specialization) |
| guilds | an organization of workers in a trade or craft that set standards and protected the interests of its members |
| what caused the spread of Black Plague | fleas on rats |
| What code did Samurais live by | Bushido |
| Where did the Renaissance start | Italy |
| What does the word Renaissance mean | rebirth |
| Reformation | a movement beginning in Europe in the 1500's, to bring reform to the Roman Catholic Church and leading to Protestantism |
| Martin Luther | German monk who began the Protestant reformation in Germany because he did not agree with the Catholic Church - 95 theses - against the selling of indulgences |
| Michelangelo | artist and sculptor - painted Sistine Chapel and created the statue of David |
| Leonardo da Vinci | an artist, sculptor, inventor, and scientist, famous for; comedies, tragedies, histories, Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Globe theater |
| Guttenberg | German printer; invented the printing press |
| Mesopotamia located | between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, western asia, fertile crescent |
| 5 Sumerian achievements | wheel, ziggurat, cuneiform, sailboats, new ideas in math/science |
| Hammurabi's Code | one of the world's oldest codes of law, written set of laws that apply to everyone under a government, not everyone was treated equally under the laws |
| why was Hammurabi's Code important | everyone could know the punishments because they were written (eye for eye) |
| What river was important to India's survival | Indus River |
| Where is India located and what important mountain range separates it from Asia | Asia (subcontinent of India); Himalayas |
| Reincarnation | a Hindu belief that people move in a constant cycle of life, death and rebirth |
| caste system | the social system in Hindu society in which a person's place is determined by the rank of the family into which he or she is born |
| why is little known about the Harrapan civilization | its writing system has not yet been figured out |
| Buddhism | a religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering |
| Hinduism | the religion of India that grew out of the beliefs of the ancient Aryan peoples; it stresses that one main force connects all of life |
| Confucius | Chinese philosopher who stressed the need to respect tradition and family, his teaching discussed the right and wrong uses of power |
| dynasty | a line of rulers from the same family |
| 5 important accomplishments of ancient Chinese | Great Wall of china, Shi Huangdi's tomb (clay army), seismograph, invented paper, silkmaking |
| leeves | a wall built along a river bank to prevent flooding, used in China to control the Huang river |
| China's geography | Asia, Huang river, hills and plateaus (flooding), some areas good for farming, created barriers to the outside world |
