| A | B |
|---|
| Earth's tilt | 23.5 degrees |
| Aphelion | The furthest point of the earth's orbit from the sun. |
| Elliptical orbit | the shape of earth's orbit |
| Perihelion | The closest point of the earth's orbit from the sun |
| Earth's revolution | The earth orbits the sun once in 365.24 days. |
| Earth's rotation | Once in 24 hours. Causes night and day. |
| Speed of earth's rotation | 1000 miles per hour |
| Satelitte | The moon is earth's natural satellite |
| 8 Planets | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune |
| Light year | The distance light travels in one year |
| Proxima Centauri | The closest star other than the sun to the earth. |
| Milky way | galaxy that earth is part of |
| Andromeda | The closest galaxy besides the Milky way to earth |
| Pangaea | The super-continent that existed 150,000,000 years ago |
| Last Ice age | 17,000 years ago |
| Atomic nucleus | the central part of an atom |
| Proton mass | 1 |
| Electron mass | 0 |
| Neutron mass | 1 |
| Energy levels | The area of an atom where electrons occur, also called shell, orbit, rings, cloud |
| Exothermic | A reaction or change that releases energy |
| Homogeneous Mixture | A mixture that appears the same throughout. example: milk |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | A mixture that does not appear the same throughout. example: oatmeal |
| Mixtures | Two or more substance mixed by not chemically bonded together |
| Compound | Two or more different elements chemically bonded together. |
| Phyiscal Properties | Characteristics of a a substance that an be observed. |
| Chemical Properties | Characteristics of a substance that determine how they will react with other substances chemically. example: rust |
| Electromagnetic Energy | Energy that travels as waves through space. example: light |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms combine chemically |
| Potential energy | energy that is stored, like snow at the top of a mountain |
| Kinetic energy | the energy of movement, like water flowing down a mountain |
| Electrical energy | the energy of the movement of charged particles |
| chemical energy | the energy found in chemical reactions |
| Grams | SI measurements for mass |
| Meters | The SI unit that measures the distance between two points |
| Liters | SI unit for volume |
| SI Units | International Standard of Metric measurements |
| Density | The amount of mass compared to its volume |
| Volume | The amount of space an object occupies |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into simplier substances, the building blocks of matter. |
| Substance | Anything that contains only one pure type of material |
| Evaporation | The process of water in liquid state, turning into a gas by using heat |
| Condensation | The process of water vapor turning back into a liquid |
| Precipitation | Water falling back to earth |
| Freezing | When low temperatures make water a solid |
| Polarity | The hydrogen sides of water are positive and the oxygen is negative |
| Groundwater | water that is stored underground |
| Aquifers | Long Island's large areas of groundwater |
| Moraine | A large hill formed by glaciers |
| Outwash plains | the large sandy formations found downhill from moraines |
| Runoff | Water that flows along the earth's surface |
| Infiltration | water that enters the earth's surface through the soil. |
| Percolation | The process of water flowing between soil particles |
| Streambed | The bottom of the river. |
| Friction | The force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another. |
| Abrasion | The wearing a way of rock due to grinding action. |
| Erosion | The process of removing weathered rock and sediment from an area |
| Deposition | The process that lays down sediment |
| Mass movement | Landslides, mudflows, creep |
| Gravity | the force tht pulls a glacier downhill |
| Sediment | The material made of small pieces of rock and remains of living things |
| Valley Glacier | A glacier found between mountains at high elevations |
| Continential Glacier | A large glacier that spreads out over a large island or continent |
| Creep | The very slow movement of sediment downhill |
| hempishere | One half of the sphere that makes up the earth's surface |
| prime meridian | an imaginary line that divides the earth into Eastern and Western Hempishere |
| Equator | An imaginary line that divides earth into Northern and Southern hempisheres |
| Degrees | measure distance around the earth |
| Map | a flat model of the earth of part of the earth |
| scale | often given as a ratio, it relates distance on a map to real distance |
| symbols | shapes and pictures that stand for features on the earth's surface |
| landforms | a feature of topography formed by the processes of earth |
| topography | shape of land |
| key | describes symbols on a map |
| elevation | height above sea level |
| plateau | an elevated plain |
| mountain | large, rocky, highly elevated landform |
| plain | a large, low flat landform |
| crust | made of hardened rock, the outer and thinnest layer |
| Mantle | layer beneath the crus, made of asphalt. example: molten rock |
| outer core | molten iron and nickel layer beneath the mantle |
| Inner core | the center of the earth made of solid iron and nickel due to extreme gravity and pressure |
| Subduction | when one tectonic plate submerges itself under another. |
| Tranform boundary | when one plate slides next to another plate |
| sea floor spreading | a gap or rift in the crust beneath the sea that causes the sea floor to spread out |
| Asthenosphere | the layer of the mantle that is made of soft layer of rock |
| lithosphere | the upper layer of teh mantle and the crust that is made of solid rock |
| rifts | an area of teh crust where the plates pull apart |
| accretion | the formation process that involves gravity pulling material from space together to form a planet |
| conduction | the movement of energy from one material to another by touching |
| radiation | the movement of energy through space |
| convection | the movement of energy by flowing through currents. |
