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| What are the 2 distinct components of a blastocyst?.. During the Blastocyst stage what occurs? | The Trophoblast and the Embryoblast.... The blastocyst secretes enzymes to digest a hole in the Zona pellucida in order to "hatch" from it and embed itself into the uterine wall, called the "endometrium". Once this happens the trophoblast layer subdivides to create the cytotrophoblast-inner cellular layer) AND the Syncytiotrophoblast-outer thick cell layer).. After it is half way embedded the embryoblast turns into to different layers to create the "Bilaminar Germ Disk"-- Hypoblast(cubodial cells) AND Epiblast (Columnar Cells) |
| What type of connective tissue is the Dermis of the Skin? What type of connective tissue is below the Dermis and what Is this regions name? | Dense Irregular and Areolar Connective Tissue./ Areolar and Adipose Connective Tissue, The region is the Subcutaneous layer. |
| What type of connective tissue is in the Reticular layer of the Dermis? | Dense irregular connective tissue. |
| What type of Germ layer in embryonic development creates all of the muscle tissues? | Mesoderm. |
| Growth in the bones diameter is referred to as what? And where does this growth occur? | Appositional growth/ In the Periosteum. |
| Name the 6 classes of synovial joints?. | Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, and 'Ball and Socket" joints. |
| Name the 4 types of movements in Synovial joints. | RAGS/ Rotational, Angular, Gliding, and Special Movements. |
| What forms the 'gut tube' in embryonic development? | The Endoderm! |
| In embryonic development what do the Hypo-blast cell layer form? | The Primary Yolk sac |
| What does the Central Nervous system form from? What germ layer? | The Neural tube/ The Ectoderm |
| What forms the Parietal And Visceral layers of the Pleura cavity, Periotuem, and Pericardium? | The Lateral Plate Mesoderm. |
| What germ layer forms the Skeletal Muscle? | Paraxial Mesoderm. |
| Name the two layers muscle layers of the back and what their used for..? | Superficial Layer- contains muscles that move the upper extremities./ Deep Layer- contains the true back muscles that move the axial skeleton. |
| Name the 5 layers of muscle on the back that are apart of the Superficial Layer. | Trapezius, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Minor, Rhomboid Major, and Latissimus Dorsi. |
| Name the Trapezius Insertion, Innervation, and Action. | Insertions-External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12, Spine of Scapula, Lateral 1/3 of clavicle and the acromion./ Innervation- Accessory Nerve./ Action- Superior fibers elevate and laterally rotate scapula; middle fibers retract scapula; inferior fibers depress and laterally rotate scapula. |
| Name the Latissimus Dorsi Insertion, Innervation, and Action.. | Insertions- Spinous processes of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, sacrum, Intertubercular groove of humerus./ Innervation- Thoracodorsal nerve./ Action- Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus. |
| What Muscle Abducts the Humerus? What Muscle Internally rotates the Humerus? What muscle axtends, adducts, and also medially rotates the humerus? | Deltoid/ the Supraspinatus/ Latissimus Dorsi. |
| Name the Insertions of the Pectoralis Minor, its Innervation and Actions. | Insertions- Ribs 3-5 and Coracoid process of scapula./ Innervation- Medial Pectoral Nerve./ Actions- Depression of Scapula. |
| Name the Insertions of the Serratus Anterior, Innervation and Actions. | Insertions- Upper Ribs(1-8) and Medial border of the Scapula./ Innervation- Long Thoracic Nerve./ Actions- Protracts and laterally rotates scapula. |
| Name the Insertions of the Levator Scapulae, its Innervations and Actions. | Insertions- Transverse processes of Cervical Vertebrae and the superior angle of the Scapula./ Innervation- Dorsal scapular nerve./ Actions- Elevation of Scapula. |
| Name the Insertions Rhomboid Major and Minor, Innervations, and Actions | Insertions- Spinous processes of lower Cervical and Upper Thoracic Vertebrae. And The Medial Border of the Scapula./ Innervation- Dorsal Scapular Nerve./ Actions- Retracts and Medially rotates Scapula. |
| Name the Insertions of the Pectoralis Major, Innervation, and Actions. | - medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage, and the intertubercular groove of humerus./ Innervation- Medial and Lateral Pectoral nerves/ Actions- Flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm. |
| Which Muscles are responsible for 'good posture'? What about 'bad posture'? | Rhomboid major and minor (Retraction)/ Pectoralis Minor and Serratus Anterior (Protraction). |
| Name the 6 Muscles that move the Pectoral girdle. | Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior, Trapezius, Levator Scapulae, and Rhomboid major and Minor. |
| Name the Insertions of the Deltoid, its Innervations, and Actions. | Insertions- Deltoid Tuberosity on humerus, 1/3 of Clavicle, Spine of Scapula and Acromion./ Innervation- Axillary Nerve./ Actions- Abducts Arm. |
| Name the Insertions of the Subscapularis, its Innervation and Actions.. | Insertion- Subscapular Fossa and the Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus./ Innervation- Subscapular nerve/ Actions- Adducts and Medially rotates arm |
| Name the Insertions of the Supraspinatus, its Innervation, and Actions. | Insertion- Supraspinatus fossa and the Greater Tuburcle of Humerus./ Innervation- Suprascapular nerve/ Action- Abducts Arm. |
| Name the Insertions Infraspinatus, its Innervation, and Actions. | Insertion- Infraspinatus Fossa and the Greater Tubercle of the Humerus/ Innervation- Suprascapular nerve/ Actions- Laterally rotates arm. |
| Name the Insertions of the Teres Minor, its Innervation, and Actions. | Insertion- Upper part of Lateral border of Scapula and the Greater Tubercle of the Humerus./ Innervation- Axillary Nerve./ Actions- Laterally rotates arm. |
| Name the Insertion of the Teres Major, its Innervation, and Actions. | Insertion- Lower Lateral border of Scapula and the Interturbercle groove./ Innervation- Lower Subscapular Nerve./ Actions- Extends and medially rotates arm. |
| Name the Insertion of the Coracobrachialis, its Innervation, and Actions.. | Insertion- Coracoid Process of Scapula and Medial Surface of Humerus./ Innervation- Musculocutaneous Nerve./ Actions- Adducts and flexes arm. |
| Afferent refers to what? | Afferent refers to the conduction of sensory impulses toward the CNS. |
| In the peripheral nervous system afferent neurons conduct:..? | Both Somatic and Visceral Sensations "Towards" the CNS. |
| Muscles that "Flex" the arm at the Glenohumeral joint? | Pectoralis major, Deltoid, Coracobrachialis. |
| In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by:..? | Dense regular connective tissue. |
| Two bony surfaces connected by cartilage is called:..? | Symphasis. |
| Name the Primary muscles that Adduct the arm. | Subscapularis, Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major and corocobrachialis. |
| Name the Primary muscles that extend the arm. | Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi and the Deltoid |
| Name the Primary muscles that Flex the arm. | Pectoralis Major, corocobrachilis, and the deltoid. |
| Name the Primary muscles that Laterally rotate the arm. | The Infraspinatus and Teres Minor. |
| Name the Primary muscle that Medially rotates the arm. | Subscapularis and Teres Major |
| Vertebrosternal Ribs numbers? | 8-10 because they do not attach directly to the sternum. |
| What Vertebrae have bifid spinous processes? | Cervical Vertebrae C2-C6 |
| What passes through Transverse Foramina? | Vertebral Arteries and Veins that supply the brain. |
| Which Thoracic Vertabrae Have only Superior Demi Facets? | T9-T12 |
| The posterior depression at the epiphysis of the Humerus is called what? | The Olecranon. |
| Which of the three Muscle Tissue types is Voluntary? | Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
| Name the three Connective Tissues within Skeletal Muscles. And State where they are located. And State what "Connective Tissue" they are composed of. | Epimysium- Surrounds the Entire Skeletal Muscle.(Dense Irregular)/ Perimysium- Surrounds Surrounds the Muscle Fascicles.(Dense Irregular)/ Endomysium- Surrounds Each single muscle fiber.(Areolar) |
| Name the Connective tissue that surrounds Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle. | One layer of Endomysium. |
| Where can "gliding" movement be found in the body? | Carpals and Tarsals. |
| Name the 4 types of joints, their respective connective tissue and where they can be found. | 1.) Suture- Dense Regular Connective Tissue In the Skull.. 2.) Syndesmosis- Dense Regular Connective tissue, found between radius and Ulna, Tibia and Fibula.. 3.) Symphysis- Fibrous connective tissue, found at Pubic Symphysis.. 4.) Synovial- Areolar connective tissue. |
| Name the 3 Nerves Associated with the Lateral Cord of the Brachial Plexus. | Median Nerve, Musculocutaneous Nerve, and the Later Pectoral Nerve. |
| Name the 5 Nerves Associated with the Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus. | Axillary Nerve, Radial Nerve, Lower and Upper Subscapular Nerves, and the Thoracodorsal Nerve. |
| Name the Nerves associated with the Medial Cord. | Median Nerve, Ulnar Nerve, and the Medial Pectoral Nerve. |
| Name the three types of cartilage found in the body. | Hyaline, Fibrous, and Elastic. |
| How can you identify Hyaline Cartilage under a microscope? | Has No Apparent Fibers, But it still has chondrocytes inside of Lacunae. |
| How can you identify Elastic Cartilage under a Microscope? | Chondrocytes are larger and elastic fibers look like plant roots everywhere. |
| How can you identify Fibrous Cartilage under the microscope? | Collagen fibers are seen in a wavy row and pattern and chondrocytes are in these rows. |
| Are Somatic Visceral Afferent Neurons "Uni-Polar" or "Multi-Polar"? | Uni-Polar |
| Are Somatic and Visceral Efferent Neurons "Uni-Polar" or "Multi-Polar"? | Multi-Polar |
| Are Visceral Efferent Neurons Motor Neurons or Sensory Neurons? | Motor Neurons. |
| Dorsal roots of the Spinal Cord contain what kind of Neurons? | Sensory Afferent and Efferent Neurons |
| Ventral Roots of the Spinal Cord contain what kind of neurons? | Motor Afferent and Efferent Neurons. |
| T/F..? The Autonomic Nervous System is entirely Motor Related. | True |
| T/F..? The Central Nervous System comprises of the brain and the spinal cord whereas the Peripheral Nervous System comprises of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. | True |
| Does The PNS handle Involuntary or Voluntary Information? | Voluntary/ CNS=Involuntary |
| Is the Long Head of the Biceps Brachii Lateral to the Short Head Bicep Brachii? | Yes (Think Long-Lateral)... Short Head is Medial. |
| T/F..? The Long Head of the Biceps Brachii travels up through the Intertubercle groove. | True. |
| Is the Corocobrachialis more medially and deeper to the short head of biceps brachii? | Yes. |
| Name the components of the CNS./ Name the Components of the PNS.. | CNS- Spinal Cord and Brain./ Cranial, Spinal and Peripheral nerves. |
| T/F..? Syndesmoses fibrous joints are Diarthrotic. | False/ Amphiathrotic |
| Name the three Fibrous Joints./ Name the 2 Cartilaginous Joints. | Gomphosis, Sutures, and Syndesmoses./ Synchondroses and Symphases. |
| What types of cartilage is in Synchondroses and Symphases Joints? | Synchondroses- Hyaline cartilage/ Symphasis- Fibrocartilage |
| Name two joints that are cartilaginous joints. | Synchondroses and Symphasis |
| Name one area where you can find a plane joint?/ Condylar Joint? | Carpals or Tarsals/ MetaCarpals or MetaTarsals. |
| Name two Muscles that Extend the Humerus. | Latissimus Dorsi and Pectoralis Major |
| Name two muscles that have the same actions, EXCEPT that one Extends the Humerus and the Other Flexes the Hunerus.. What Are they?.. AND What are the other two Actions that they have in common? | Latissimus Dorsi- Extends AND Pectoralis Major-Flexes/ They Both Medially Rotate the Humerus and they both ADduct the Arm. |
| Name the three classifications of joints. | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial. |
| Name the three Fibrous joints./ Name the two Cartilaginous joints. | Gomphoses, Sutures, and Syndesmoses./.. Synchondroses and Symphases |
| What tyoe of cartilage is in sychondroses joints? / What about Symphases? | Hyaline/ Fibrocartilage. |
| Name an area where you can find a plane joint?/ Condylar? | Plane- Carpals or Tarsals./ Condylar- Metacarpals or Metatarsals. |
| Where exactly does the Conus Medullaris end? | L1-L2 |
| Is the Cauda Equina Before or After the Conus Medularis? | After. |
| Where is the Lumbar Enlargement found? | L1-S3 |
| Name the three layers of the spinal cord. | Dura Matter/ Arachnoid matter/ and Pia Matter. |
| The Anterior Horns of the spinal cord are associated with what neurons? | Somatic Motor Neurons |
| The Lateral Horns of the spinal cord are associated with what neurons? | Visceral Motor Neurons |
| What are the two distinct lines on the spinal cord? | The Posterior Median Sulcus and The Anterior Median Fissure |
| The Posterior Horns of the Spinal Cord receive what kind of Neurons? | Sensory Neurons both somatic and visceral |
| Where are Schwann Cells found?.. What are the Gaps that are between the Schwann Cells? | The PNS/ Nodes Of Ranvier. |
| Where can you find Simple Squamos Epithelium? | lining of blood vessels and air cells. |
| Where can you fins simple cuboidal epithelium? | Tubules of the kidneys. |
| Where can you find simple columnar epithelium? | Lining of the stomach to the anus. |
| Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | Reproductive and respiratory tracts. (Trachea) |
| Where can you find stratified cubodial and columnar epithelium? | Exorine Glands and male urethra. |
| Where can you find Nonkeratinized stratified squamos epithelium? | Anus, Vagina, and Esophagus. |
| Where can you find Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Epidermis of skin. |
| Where can you find Simple Cilliated Columnar epithelium? | Uterine tubes and Bronchioles. |
| Where can Lateral Horns of the spinal cord only be found? | T1-L2 |
| Visceral Motor neurons are also known as what? | Autonomic Motor Neurons. |
