| A | B |
|---|
| Directly assist in the exchange of gases between blood and the air | alveoli, capillaries, and bronchioles |
| Upper respiratory tract | nose, pharynx, larynx |
| Lower respiratory tract | bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs |
| Paranasal sinus cavities | ethmoid, sphenoidal, frontal, maxillary, |
| Three divisions of the pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| The larynx consists of the: | vocal cords, epiglottis, and thyroid cartilage |
| Movement of air into and out of the lungs is called: | pulmonary ventilation |
| Which areas of the brain control breathing? | medulla oblongata and the pons |
| Normal breathing | eupnea |
| No breathing | apnea |
| Difficult breathing | dyspnea |
| Cheyne-stokes respiration | cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation associated with critical conditions |
| Respiratory arrest | failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea |
| Atelectasis | incomplete expansion or collapse of a lung for any reason |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | a broad term used to describe diseases in which there is a progressive, irreversible obstruction of expiratory airflow |
| Bronchi | tubes that bifurcate from the trachea and enter the lungs |
| Apex | Upper rounded portion of teh lungs |
| Carbaminohemoglobin | transports carbon dioxide through the blood |
| Cilia | Coordinate with the alveoli to push the dirt into the blood for the kidneys to |
| Trachea blockages account for how many deaths per year? | 400 |
| Emphysema | reduced surface area of lungs caused by rupture or other damage to alveoli |
| Chronic bronchitis | chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree |
| Asthma | recurring spasms of the airways accompanied by edema and mucus production |
| Tuberculosis | chronic, highly contagious lung infection characterized by tubercles in the lung |
| Epistaxis | bloody nose |
| Deviated Septum | septum that is abnormally far from the midsagittal plane (congenital or acquired) |
| Laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx resulting from infection or irritation |
| Epiglotitis | upper respiratory infection, life threatening |
| Croup | upper respiratory infection, not life threatening |
| Rhinitis | nasal inflammation, common cold |
| Pharyngitis | sore throat |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration |
| Residual volume (RV) | air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration |
| Tidal Volume (TV) | amount normally breathed in or out with each breath |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | largest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume |
| Oxyhemoglobin | most oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form this substance |
| Muscles used in breathing | internal intercostals, external intercostals, and abdominal muscles |
| Inspiration | muscles increase volume of thorax, decreasing lung pressure, which causes air to move from atmosphere into lungs (down the pressure gradient) |
| Expiration | Reduction in the size of the thoracic cavity decreases its volume and thus increases its pressure, so air moves down the pressure gradient and leaves the lungs |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | a life-threatening ocndition caused by a lack of surfactant in the lung that affects premature infants typically |
