| A | B |
|---|
| Why was Lincoln not able to put the words of his second inaugural address into action? | He was assassinated a little over a month later at Ford’s Theater in Washington |
| Who was the assassin and what was his motive? | John Wilkes Booth; he believed he was saving the Confederacy |
| Why did many in the North want to punish the South? | They blamed the South for Lincoln’s death and the war |
| Who took Lincoln’s place as president? | Andrew Johnson |
| Reconstruction | Rebuilding the devastated South following the war |
| What was Johnson’s role when the Civil War first broke out? | He was a senator from Tennessee |
| What was unusual about Johnson’s senate seat at that time? | He was the only senator from a seceded state to be allowed to keep his seat |
| What was unusual about his nomination to run as vice-president by the Republicans? | He was a lifelong Democrat |
| Under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan | what five things must a seceded state do to rejoin the Union? |
| Thirteenth Amendment | Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery |
| How did Johnson feel about the Republican request from Congress to allow freedmen the right to vote? | He thought “white men alone should run the South” |
| What were three acts of freedom that become very popular among the newly freed slaves? | Traveling |
| Booker T. Washington | A freedman who became a leading educator |
| Thaddeus Stevens’ Plan | Wanted to break up Southern plantations to give freed slaves “forty acres and a mule” in return for their years of unpaid labor |
| Why didn’t Congress approve this plan? | They thought taking planter’s land without payment would violate their property rights |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | established by the Union government to assist former slaves and poor whites living in the South; they provided food |
| How were the Bureau’s efforts thwarted by Johnson? | He pardoned former Confederates and returned the land to them |
| What did Johnson start doing as the new Southern governments began to take shape? | Withdrew Union troops from the South |
| Black codes | Southern laws intended to restrict the freedom and opportunities of African Americans |
| What were the three purposes of the Codes? | To spell out rights for African Americans |
| What were four things African Americans could do? | Own property |
| What were two things that were denied them? | They couldn’t vote or serve on juries |
| What could happen to freedmen who didn’t sign yearly labor contracts each year? | They could be arrested and sent to work for a planter |
| How did the Codes limit the upward social mobility in the South? | They barred blacks from any jobs but farm work and unskilled labor |
| Radical Republicans | Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner |
| What two laws did Radical Republicans join with moderates to enact in 1866? | Extending the Freedmen’s Bureau past its one-year charter and giving them greater powers; Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared that African Americans were entitled equality with all laws enjoyed by white citizens |
| Why did Johnson veto the extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau? | He said it was too costly and would encourage freedmen to lead a life of laziness |
| Why did he reject the Civil Rights Act? | He thought it violated states’ rights |
| What was a first in US history concerning both bills? | It was the first time a major piece of legislation became law over a president’s veto |
| Fourteenth Amendment | State laws shall operate equally on all |
| What was the sign that Congress had won control of Reconstruction? | The Fourteenth Amendment won a veto-proof |
| Reconstruction Act | Series of laws Congress lays out in 1867 |
| Command of the Army Act | Limited the president’s power as commander in chief of the army |
| Tenure of Office Act | Barred the president from firing certain federal officials without the advice and consent of the Senate |
| On what grounds did the House of Representatives vote to impeach Johnson? | For violating the Tenure of Office Act when he fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton |
| What defense did Johnson’s lawyers use to argue Johnson’s case? | His only crime was opposing Congress and |
| What also probably helped Johnson escape removal from office? | Word quietly spread that Johnson would no longer oppose Congressional Reconstruction if acquitted |
| How close was the vote to remove Johnson from office? | It was one vote shy of the 2/3 majority need to remove him from office |
| Contrast the reactions of the white and black southerners to the return of federal troops after the Reconstruction Acts. | Whites were shocked |
| List three groups that were still (or just now) able to vote following passage of the Reconstruction Acts. | Freedmen |
| Freedmen | Never allowed to vote before; joined the Republican Party as the party of Lincoln and Emancipation |
| Scalawags | White Southerners who had opposed secession; registered as Republicans because of this; usually poor farmers |
| Carpetbaggers | White Northerners who moved to the south |
| Election of 1868 | Republican US Grant |
| How was Grant able to get the most popular votes? | He had the help of half a million black voters |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Gave blacks the right to vote |
| Who were the majority of elected delegates to the various Southern states constitutional conventions? | Republicans with about 1/5 of them freedmen |
| Besides ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments | what was the most enduring accomplishment of the Reconstruction governments? |
| What did Southern whites do to attract white students? | They segregated the schools |
| Segregation | The forced separation of races in public places |
| Why did some areas of the South get away with segregation | even though it was outlawed in many southern states? |
| What happened to a lot of the money meant to help grow the Southern economy and assist in alleviating poverty and racial tension? | It fell into the hands of corrupt government officials |
| Tenant farming | Planters dividing their land into small plots that they rented to workers who would grow crops |
| Sharecropping | When tenant farmers paid a share of their crop as rent instead of cash |
| Debt peonage | A result of most sharecroppers having to borrow money from planters to buy things they needed without earning enough to pay it back |
| Why did many whites refuse to support Reconstruction governments? List 4 reasons. | Many considered them illegal (because many were prevented from voting) |
| Name three terrorist groups that formed during these times | out of protest to southern reconstruction. |
| Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 | Laws made it a federal crime to deprive citizens of their civil rights |
| How did President Grant respond | which resulted in a temporary reduction in terrorism in the South? |
| Amnesty Act 1872 | Granted a general pardon to most Confederates allowing them to vote and hold office once again |
| In addition to waning public energy to enforce reconstruction | what else did Grant have to start worrying about later in his presidency? |
| Who competed against each other in the Election of 1876 and which won received the most popular votes? | Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden |
| Why did the House of Representatives have to decide who ultimately won the election? | The electoral votes in South Carolina |
| Compromise of 1877 | The result of a secret deal among leaders of both parties where Hayes received the electoral votes from the three disputed states; in return |
| What did the Compromise of 1877 officially end? | Reconstruction |
| Redeemers | White supremacists who regained power in every state |
| What happened to access to public education in the South for blacks by the 1880s? | Redeemers reversed improvements made in education |
| What were two methods many southern states used to keep blacks from voting? | By placing a poll tax high enough to make voting a luxury most blacks could not afford or making potential voters take a very difficult literacy test |
| What did the South use to allow whites to be excused from the poll taxes or literacy tests? | A grandfather clause exempting citizens whose ancestors had voted before January 1 |
| Jim Crow Laws | New acts that drew a “color line” between blacks and whites in public life |
| What was the great risk for blacks protesting Jim Crow Laws? | Getting lynched |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a white-only rail car and argued in court that Jim Crow laws violated equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment; in 1896 |
| What was the change in numbers of black-owned businesses in the South between 1865 to 1903? | From 2 |
| What was the change in education and literacy rates by 1900 | due to African Americans banding together to build school for their children? |
| What types of curriculum did the south’s new black colleges offer? | Vocational training in such fields as farming and carpentry |
