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| Name the steps of the "Scientific Method".. | Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion. |
| What are the hierarchy of levels of organization of living things? And an example of each. | Organism- The Sea Lion/ Population- Colony of sea lions/ Community- Giant Kelp forest(different populations of different species that interact with one another)/ Ecosystem-(Southern California Coast) A community of Organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. Living and Nonliving/ Biosphere- (Earth) The interactive collection of all the earths ecosystems. |
| What is, the maximum population density of a given species that a geographical region can sustain? | (K) Carrying Capacity |
| What is Inter-specific Competition? What about Intra-specific? | Competition between two or more species for resources./ Competition between the same species. |
| What is resource partitioning and what is an example? | The dividing up of scarce resources by species with the same requirements./ Warbler birds eating at different levels of the trees. |
| T/F?.. A community consists of both the living and the nonliving? | False/ Only living. |
| What is the physical surrounding in which an organism can be found? | habitat. |
| What is the intrinsic rate of increase? (denoted as r) | The rate at which a population would grow if there were no external limits on its growth./ A populations potential for growth. |
| What is environmental resistance? | All of the forces of the environment that act to resist population growth. |
| What is Logistic growth? | Growth begins exponentially and then evens out, due to K. |
| Give an example of an equilibrium species and why they are considered to be so. | Elephants, because their populations numbers do not fluctuate far beyond or below (K). |
| Are K-selected species opportunist species or equilibrium species? | Equilibrium species. |
| Name some characteristics of R-selected species. | Limited by Reproductive rate (r), density independent, unstable, short lived, produce many offspring. |
| Name some characteristics of K-selected species. | Limited by (K), density depepndent, stable, long lived, produce fewer offspring. |
| Difference between density dependent populations and density independent populations? | Density Dependent- The density of a population is limited by biological factors like competition for food/disease... Density Independent- Density of population is limited by physical factors like frost, temperature, and rain. |
| What is the competitive exclusion principle? | When 2 species compete for the same limited resources, one will Always Out-compete the other and lead the other to local extinction. |
| What is by definition, "a community of organisms and the physical environment with which they interact." | An Ecosystem |
| Define an "Element". | A pure substance that can not be broken down into anything else. |
| Define Nutrients based upon the periodic table. | There are 30 elements that are considered nutrients, out of 92, that are vital to life. |
| Name 5 vital elements that are mandatory for life. | Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Phosphorous. |
| Name 4 steps of the Carbon cycle. | 1.) Plants need CO2 to perform photosynthesis, so they take in atmospheric CO2 and convert it into sugar molecules. 2.) When animals eat the plants it incorporates into their tissues and through "cellular respiration" CO2 is release back into the atmosphere. 3.) PLants and animals eventually die and are decomposed by bacteria and fungi, some CO2 is released back into the atmospher and some becomes locked up into fossil fuels (Coal and Oil). 4.) Then the burning of fossil fuels puts CO2 back into the atmosphere. |
| T/F..? Biologists refer to life as Carbon based.? | True |
| What is biomass? | The amount of material produced by living things. |
| What percent does the element Carbon make up in the atmosphere? Oxygen? Nitrogen? | 1%/ 21%/ 78%!!! |
| How do plants get their Nitrogen? After this process what are the next steps of the Nitrogen cycle? | 1.) Through Nitrogen Fixation of bacteria that take it from the atmosphere and convert it into NH3 ammonia which then converts to Ammonium Ion NH4+... 2.) Animals eat the plants and assimilate the nitrogen. 3.) Animals feces and decomposing tissues of animals convert back into NH4+. 4.) Nitrifying bacteria convert NH4+ into Nitrate whic can also be assimilated by plants. 5.) Some Nitrate is converted back into the atmosphere by "denitrifying" bacteria. |
| Name 4 major Abiotic Factors in an ecosystem. | Air, Water, Soil, and Sun. |
| What is the driving force behind the Hydro-logical cycle? | The SUN, which powers both Evaporation and Transpiration. |
| Where does 20% of water used in the USA come from? | Ground water stored in "Aquifers". |
| Name the 4 Trophic Levels. | 1.)Producers (Photo-synthesizers) 2.) Primary Consumers (Herbivores) 3.) Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) 4.) Tertiary Consumers(Carnivores). |
| What is a Detritivore? | Small Consumers that feed on debris or detritus. |
| T/F.? A Decomposer is a special kind of Dentritivore? | True |
| What is a Solution? Solvent? Solute? | A mixture of two or more Homogeneous Molecules./ Solvent- Water/ Solute- Salt |
| T/F..? Water is not A Polar Molecule. | False. |
| T/F/..? Water is a Polar Molecule. | True |
| What does This equation Stand For? G=rN(K) | Logistic Growth/ r= Birth rate - Death Rate... N= Population size... K= Carrying Capacity. |
| What did the Advent Agriculture do to Human Populations? What about the Industrial Revolution? | Both Increased (K) |
| What has the Scientific Revolution done to Human Population growth? What does it stand for in the equation? | Increased survival rates increased from better sanitation/Immunization. (r)=Birth Rate - Death Rate |
| How many people can be supported per/hectare of arable land? | 5 per hectare |
| What are some Biotic factors that effect population growth. | Competition for resources or food, Predation, and Pathogens or Disease. |
| What are the two responding changes in an environment? | Short term response- homeostasis(organism or individual) /Long term response- Population change (Evolution).. |
| Name the 4 Cycles and their Main "Reservoirs", where they are "limited", and how have humans impacted them?. | Hydrological Cycle= Reservoir- Ocean and Aquifers. Limited to the Desert, Human impact- Pollution, Dams, and Deforestation./ Carbon Cycle= Reservoir- Rock. Limited- unknown, Human Impact- Fossil Fuels and Deforestation./ Nitrogen Cycle= Reservoir- Atmosphere, Limited- terrestrial marine., Human impact- Fertilizers./ Phosphorous Cycle- Reservoir- Rocks., Limited- Freshwater., Human impact- Erosion and deforestation. |
| Cohesion vs. adhesion? | Cohesion is water molecules sticking together where as Adhesion is when water sticks to the side of a beaker. |
| Why do exotic species have an advantage in a "new area"? | No Predators, Parasites, or Disease.. |
| What did Thomas Malthus Say? | That humans will out breed their ability to sustain carrying capacity. |
| Define Convergent Evolution. And state whether it relates to Analogous or Homologous structures. Give Example... | Two species that are not related through a common ancestor, but look similar due to their environments. (Analogous structures)- A Penguin that is a BIRD and a Seal that is a MAMMAL, Both Have Streamline bodies for swimming. |
| Define Divergent Evolution. Is it responsible for Analogous structures or Homologous? | Two species that have common ancestory, but look different. (Homologous structures) |
| Define "Micro-Evolution" / Give Example. | Small genetic changes that accumulate in a population./ Guppy fish example- small changes of its colors and length. |
| Define "Macro-Evolution" | Origin of new taxonomic groups. |
| What Observations did Darwin make while on the H.M.S. Beagle? | 1.) Diversity (fossils) 2.) Similar environments have similar organisms even though they are NOT Related. 3.) Different Environments have different Organisms EVEN if they are Closely related. 4.) Organisms are well suited to their environment. |
| The Success of an organism in passing on its genes to offspring relative to other members of a population at a particular time.... Is termed what? | Fitness |
| Example Of Stabilizing Selection./ Directional Selection?/ Disruptive Selection..? | Babies Birth Weights./ Evolving to an increased brain size./ |
| Reproductive Isolating mechanisms definition? Name one Reproductive isolating mechanism. | Any Factor in Nature that prevents interbreeding between Individuals of the SAME Species./ Geographical Separation. |
| Name the 7 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms that "Prevent" Interbreeding. | 1.) Geographical Isolation- Individuals of 2 populations cannot interbreed if they live in different places./ 2.) Ecological Isolation- Even is the Species lives in the same place, they cant mate if they dont come in contact with one another./ 3.) Temporal Isolation- Even if they come in contact they CANT mate if they Breed at Different times./ 4.) Behavioral Isolation- Even if they breed at the same time, they will not mate if they are not Attracted./ 5.) Mechanical Isolation- Even if they are attracted to one another, they cannot mate because they are not physically compatible./ 6.) Gametic Isolation/ 7.) Hybrid Inviabiltiy . |
| Speciation Definition. | The development of new species through Evolution. |
| Definition of Analogy./.. Homology?. | Analogy- Characteristics of similar function and superficial structures that have not developed from Common Ancestory./.. Homology- Common structures in different organisms that develop from Common Ancestry. |
| Co-evolution Definition. And an Example.. | The Interdependent evolution of two or more species./ Ex- The Co-Evolving of characteristics of flowers colors and Bee's eye sights. |
