| A | B |
|---|
| Anthropogenic | Human-induced changes on natural environment. |
| Cultural Landscape | Human-modified natural landscape containing imprint of particular culture or society. |
| Eratosthenes | Head librarian at Alexandria 3rd century B.C. - one of first cartographer - coined word "geography." |
| Geographical Information Systems | Set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographic data. |
| Nomothetic | Concepts or rules that can be appllied universally. |
| Qualitative Data | Data associated with more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through intervidews, empirical observations, or interpretation of documents. |
| Quantitative Data | Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. |
| Carl Sauer | Defined concept of cultural landscape as fundamental unit of geographical analysis. This landscape results from interaction between humans and the physical environment. He argued that virtually no landscape has escaped change by human activities. |
| Sense of place | Feelings evoked by people as result of certain experiences and memories associated with particular place. |
| Absolute location | Exact position of object or place, measured within spatial coordinates of grid system. |
| Azimuthal Projection | Map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface. Either the North Pole or South Pole is oriented at center of the map, giving viewer impression of looking up or down at earth. |
| Breaking Point | Outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in law of retail gravitation to describe area of city's hinterlands that depend on the city for its retail supply. |
| Cartograms | Type of thematic map that transforms space so that the poltical unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area. |
| Chloropleth map | Thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area. |
| Complementarity | Actual or potential relationship between two places, according to Ullman's theory, usually referring to economic interactions. |
| Connectivity | Degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places. |
| Contagious Diffusion | Spread of a disease, innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or place. |
| Distance Decay | Decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases. |
| Dot maps | Thematic maps that use points to show precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, births, etc... |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange. |
| Friction of Distance | Measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places. |
| Gravity Model | Mathematical formula that best describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and the the distance from each other. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | A type of diffusin in which something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common.The level of interaction between places overcomes the actual distance between them. |
| Intervening Opportunity | Idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, then the closer of the two suppliers to buyer will represent an intervening this ,thereby blocking the third ffrom being able to share its supply of goods or services. Frequently utilized because transportation costs usually decrease with proximity. |
| Isoline | Map line that connects points of equal or very similar values. |
| Large Scale | Relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. These maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions. |
| Law of Retail Gravitation | Law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have wider influence on the hinterlands that surrounds them. |
| Mercator Projection | True conformal cylindrical projection, particularly useful for navigation because maintains accurate direction. Distorts north and south and make landmasses at poles appear oversized. |
| Relocation Diffusion | Diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and the like from one place to another through migration. |
| Site | Teh absolute location of place described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics. |
| Situation | Relative location of place in relation to physical and cultural characteristics of surrounding area and connections and interdependence within that system, that place's spatial context. |
| Thematic map | Type of map that displays one or more variables - such as population or income level - within specific area. |
| Time-space convergence | Idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places. |
| Transferability | Costs involved in moving goods from one place to another. |
| Carrying Capacity | Largest number of people environment of a particular area can sustainably support. |
| Chain Migration | Migration event in which individuals follow migratory path of preceding friends and family to an existing community. |
| Cotton Belt | Term by which American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated agricultural economy of the region. The same area is now known as New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in industrial north for better climate and new job opportunities. |
| Crude Birth Rate | Number of live births per year per l,000 people. |
| Crude Death Rate | Number of deaths per year per l,000 people. |
| Demographic Accounting Equation | Equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration. |
| Natural Increase Rate | Difference between number of births and number of deaths within a particular country. |
| Dependency Ratio | Ratio of number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. This is usually expressed in form of n:100 where n equals the number of dependents. |
| Doubling Time | Time period required for population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely. At a 3% growth rate, the time it will take for a populatin to double is less than 25 years. Estimated by dividing the growth rate into the number 70. |
| Thomas Malthus | Claimed that population grows at exzponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, thereby, that eventually the population growth would outpace food production. |
| Neo-Malthusian | Advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations. |
| Population Pyramid | Model used to show age and sex distribution in particular population. |
| Pull Factors | Attractions that draw migrants to certain place, such as pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities. |
| Push Factors | Incentives for potential migrants to leave place, such as harsh climate, econonmic recession, political turmoil. |
| Rust Belt | Northern industrial states of U.S. Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania in which heavy industry was once dominant economic activity. In 1960's through '80's these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of U.S. and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in moist northern climate. |
| Total Fertility Rate | Average number of children born to woman during her childbearing years. |
