| A | B |
|---|
| What was the first colonial legislature to be established in the British colonies? | House of Burgesses |
| What document established self-government for the Pilgrims? | Mayflower Compact |
| Prior to the French and Indian war, what was the British policy of allowing colonies to govern their own day-to-day affairs? | salutary neglect |
| Protests against the Quartering Act resulted in British troops firing on protestors in which historical event? | Boston Massacre |
| Which historical event involved a protest by the Sons of Liberty against the taxes levied by the Tea Act? | Boston Tea party |
| What was the primary cause of the American Revolution? | taxation without representation |
| Which document described American political beliefs and listed the reasons for breaking away from Great Britain? | Declaration of Independence (1776) |
| Which document established a national government between the states after the American Revolution? | Articles of Confederation |
| Which event showed that a constitutional convention was needed to strengthen the national government? | Shays Rebellion |
| Which plan resulted in the creation of a bicameral Congress for our legislative branch? | Great Compromise/Connecticut plan |
| Which political group supported the ratification of the Constitution? | Federalists |
| Which political group opposed the Constitution because it didn’t have a Bill of Rights? | Anti-Federalists |
| What was the name of the essays that were written to gain support for ratification of the Constituton? | Federalist papers |
| Which part of the U.S. constitution protects personal freedoms such as expression, right to bear arms, and rights of the accused? | Bill of Rights |
| Which act established a method of organizing and preparing U.S. territories for statehood? | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
| During the early years of the Republic, which group had all of the political power? | white male landowners |
| What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials? | Alien & Sedition Acts |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| What principle was supported in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves? | states' rights/nullification |
| What was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789? | federal court system |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| What foreign policy was established by President George Washington? | avoid foreign alliances (neutrality) |
| What did President George Washington warn the nation about in his Farewell Address? | maintain neutrality and avoid political parties |
| Which issue threatened American sovereignty during Washington's presidency? | British forts on American soil |
| Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France? | XYZ Affair |
| Which territory did the United States purchase from France to gain full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory? | Lewis and Clark |
| Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812? | impressment |
| Why did Tecumseh and American Indian tribes ally with the British during the War of 1812? | to stop American settlement on Indian lands |
| What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| At the end of the War of 1812, what battle boosted American nationalism? | Battle of New Orleans |
| Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| Which event was an example of a conflict between states' rights and federal power during the War of 1812? | Hartford Convention |
| Which word describes issues that have to do with politics, elections, and government? | political |
| Which word means "having to do with business, money, and taxes? | economic |
| Which word refers to people's culture and the way that they live? | social |
| Which word means "agreeing with the legal requirements of the Constitution? | constitutional |
| What word defines the national unity expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of Henry Clay's "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Who benefited from protective tariffs? | New England textile manufacturers |
| Who benefited from internal improvments? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution? | textile |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which political change resulted in the common man's influence in American politics? | universal white male suffrage |
| Which act represents the federal government's policy towards American Indians under the Jackson administration? | Indian Removal Act (1830) |
| Which foreign policy officially opposed European colonization of Latin America? | Monroe Doctrine |
| What issue caused the South Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | tariffs |
| What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s? | nullification/states' rights and slavery |
| What reform was supported in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? | women's suffrage |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | state/"pet" banks |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which former slave became the publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"? | Frederick Douglass |
| Which abolitionist leader published the first weekly anti-slavery newspaper "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol? | the temperance movement |
| Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott? | women's rights |
| What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| "54'40 or Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory? | Oregon |
| Which group moved westward during the mid-1800s to escape religious persecution? | the Mormons |
| Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"? | the Mexican War |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War? | the Mexican Cession |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which territory was purchased to acquire land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route? | the Gadsden Purchase |
| What did the United States acquire in the Adams-Onis treaty? | Florida |
| Which event resulted in the passage of more restrictive slave codes in southern states? | Nat Turner's Rebellion |
| Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act? | Trail of Tears |
| What practice did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices? | spoils system/patronage |
| What does the word "suffrage" mean? | right to vote |
| What was the result of the religious revival during the Second Great Awakening? | reform movements |
| What is a tax on imported goods called? | protective tariff |
| What was the official policy towards American Indians established under President Andrew Jackson? | removal to reservations |
| What did the Compromise of 1850 do? | California entered Union as a free state; popular sovereignty in Utah & New Mexico |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| Which novel increased sectionalism in America on the issue of slavery? | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| What was the primary issue in the Republican party platform? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| What political solution did Senator Stephen Douglas promote on the issue of slavery? | popular sovereignty |
| Which historical event is an example of John Brown's radical abolitionism? | Harper's Ferry |
| Which historical event led to the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What were the primary features of the Union army's "Anaconda Plan"? | naval blockade, control the Mississippi River, capture Richmond |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| Which political party supported civil rights for African-Americans during Reconstruction (1865-1877)? | Republican party |
| After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| Which Reconstruction plan was the most lenient? | Lincoln's 10% Plan |
| What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called? | Radical Republicans |
| Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves? | The Freedmen's Bureau |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| Which legislation resulted in equality for blacks and the occupation of the South by federal troops? | Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in secession? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights |
| What motivated migration into California? | gold rush (1849) |
| Which act was passed to promote farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act (1862) |
| Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads? | immigrants (Irish & Chinese) |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| How did cattlemen bring Texas longhorns to railroad shipping centers? | cattle drives |
| What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire |
| What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on? | buffalo |
| Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle was the last conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What act divided Indian lands to begin a policy of assimilation? | Dawes Severalty Act |
| What federal Indian policy was begun under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What hardships did farmers face in the West? | falling crop prices and high railroad shipping rates |
| What organization did farmers form to protest high freight rates on the railroads? | the Grange |
| What political party was formed by farmers' alliances? | the Populist party |
| What political reforms were supported by the Populists? | direct election of U.S. Senators |
| List the economic reforms supported by the Populists. | government regulation of the railroads, bimetallism |
| What money policy was supported by big business in the late 1800s? | Gold standard |
| What money policy was supported by the Populists? | bimetallism |
| What was the goal of the bimetallism supported by the Populist party? | inflation--rising crop prices |
| What policy was promoted in the "Cross of Gold Speech" by William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential campaign? | bimetallism |
| Which political party supported the gold standard that was favored by business and urban interests in the late 1800s? | Republican party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1896? | William McKinley (Rep.) |
| Where did most of the "old" immigrants--those who came before 1890--come from? | northern & western Europe (Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland) |
| Where did most "new" immigrants come from after 1890? | southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland) |
| What was one of the effects of increased immigration to the United States in the late 1800s? | cheap labor, urbanization, ethnic neighborhoods |
| What process do labor unions try to use to secure a contract with good wages and better working conditions? | collective bargaining |
| Which act was a result of nativism? | Chinese Exclusion Act |
| What type of housing did poor immigrants in urban areas live in during the late-1800s? | tenements |
| What industry was controlled by Andrew Carnegie? | steel |
| Which trust enabled John D. Rockefeller to control the oil industry? | Standard Oil |
| What was J.P. Morgan associated with? | banking and finance |
| What economic policy allows business to conduct its affairs without regulation? | laissez-faire capitalism |
| Which methods were used by business leaders to grow the size of their companies? | horizontal and vertical integration |
| What business structure enabled business leaders to eliminate competition during the late-1800s? | trust |
| What term is used to describe the efforts to oppose foreign immigration? | nativism |
| Which theory explained the growing wealth of America's business leaders during the late-1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What is associated with Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth"? | donating funds to libraries, schools, and hospitals |
| What did workers form to fight for better working conditions in the late 1800s? | labor unions |
| Which event caused the decline of the Knights of Labor? | Haymarket riot |
| Which labor union focused on obtaining higher wages and better working conditions? | American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| Who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Samuel Gompers |
| What tactic did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) use achieve their goals? | strikes and collective bargaining |
| What is it called when a labor union refuses to work until they are paid higher wages? | strike |
| What tactic did business leaders use to stop strikes? | injunction |
| What did business leaders use to weaken the labor unions? | blacklists & yellow-dog contracts |
| Which labor union leader is associated with supporting socialist goals like government ownership of the railroads? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What were the organizations that controlled local and state political parties in the late-1800s called? | political machines |
| Which act was passed to prevent trusts from forming monopolies? | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Which act was passed to regulate railroad freight rates? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| Which individual became infamous for corruption as the boss of New York City's Tammany Hall political machine? | William M. "Boss" Tweed |
| Which act was passed to end the corruption caused by the spoils system? | Pendleton Civil Service Act |
| What did reformers like Jane Addams establish to aid immigrants in urban areas? | settlement houses |
| Political machines grew in power by attracting the support of which group? | immigrants |
