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| Prior to the French and Indian war, what term described the British policy of allowing colonies to govern their own day-to-day affairs? | salutary neglect |
| What established a method of determining how much slaves would count towards a state's population? | 3/5 Compromise |
| List the new powers that the federal government was given by the U.S. Constitution | power to tax, power to regulate interstate commerce (trade), power to establish an army and navy, power to coin money |
| Which people could participate in politics during the early years of the United States? | white male property owners |
| What economic problems did the United States face after the American Revolution? | state and national debt, inflation |
| What British Act was the Third Amendment designed to prevent? | Quartering Acts |
| In the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence, what is government authority based upon? | the consent of the people |
| According to the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence, why do citizens form governments? | to protect their inalienable rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) |
| What may people do if their government abuses their rights, according to the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence? | rebel |
| What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials? | Alien & Sedition Acts |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which resolutions were written to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? | Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
| What principle was supported in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves? | states' rights/nullification |
| What was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789? | federal court system |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| What foreign policy was established by President George Washington? | avoid foreign alliances (neutrality) |
| What treaty enabled western farmers to access the Mississippi River and use the ports in New Orleans during Washington's presidency? | Pinckney Treaty |
| What treaty was made under the Washington administration to address the issue of British forts on U.S. soil? | Jay Treaty |
| Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France? | XYZ Affair |
| Which territory did the United States purchase from France to gain full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812? | impressment |
| What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| What happened after the U.S. defeated the tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers? | increased American settlements in Ohio (Treaty of Greenville) |
| Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| Which word means "agreeing with the legal requirements of the Constitution? | constitutional |
| Which colony was established by the Puritans to be a perfect Christian society? | Massachusetts |
| Which colony was established by the Quakers? | Pennsylvania |
| Which colonies' geography resulted in the development of an economy based on plantation agriculture? | Southern colonies |
| Which economic system helped Britain keep a favorable balance of trade | mercantilism |
| What was the first colonial legislature to be established in the British colonies? | House of Burgesses |
| What document established self-government for the Pilgrims? | Mayflower Compact |
| Which English philosopher said the citizens make a "social contract" to create governments for the protection of their rights? | John Locke |
| After the French and Indian War, which act levied the first-ever direct tax on the colonies? | Stamp Act |
| Protests against the Quartering Act resulted in British troops firing on protestors in which historical event? | Boston Massacre |
| Which historical event involved a protest by the Sons of Liberty against the taxes levied by the Tea Act? | Boston Tea party |
| Which acts were passed by Parliament to try to regain control over the colonists in Boston, Massachusetts? | Coercive or "Intolerable" Acts |
| What was the primary cause of the American Revolution? | taxation without representation |
| What did Thomas Paine’s "Common Sense" urge colonists to do? | declare independence from Britain |
| Which document officially listed the reasons that the colonies separated from Great Britain? | Declaration of Independence (1776) |
| Which document established the national government of the United States after the Revolutionary War? | Articles of Confederation |
| Which event showed that a constitutional convention was needed to strengthen the national government? | Shays Rebellion |
| What was created by the Great Compromise made at the Constituitonal convention | Congress have 2 houses--equal representation for each state in the Senate, representation in the House of Reps. based on state population |
| Which political group supported the ratification of the Constitution? | Federalists |
| Which political group opposed the Constitution because it didn’t have a Bill of Rights? | Anti-Federalists |
| What was the name of the essays that were written to gain support for ratification of the Constituton? | Federalist papers |
| What form of government allows the people to choose representatives who will make and enforce the laws? | republic or representative democracy |
| What features of the U.S. Constitution limit the power of government? | separation of powers, checks & balances, the Bill of Rights |
| Which part of the U.S. constitution protects personal freedoms such as expression, right to bear arms, and rights of the accused? | Bill of Rights |
| Which act established a method of organizing and preparing U.S. territories for statehood? | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
| Which group was used to fill the labor force on plantations in the English colonies? | African slaves |
| What word defines the national unity expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of Henry Clay's "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Who benefited from protective tariffs? | New England manufacturers |
| Who benefited from internal improvments? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution? | textile |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| Which word means that the nation is divided because of regional differences between North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which political change resulted in the common man's influence in American politics during the 1820s and 1830s? | universal white male suffrage |
| What government policy was established regarding American Indians under the Jackson administration? | removal (to reservations) |
| Which foreign policy opposed European intervention in Latin American nations? | Monroe Doctrine |
| What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | tariffs |
| What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s? | nullification/states' rights and slavery |
| What reform was supported in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? | women's suffrage |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | state/"pet" banks |
| Which political party was created to oppose President Andrew Jackson? | Whig party |
| Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act? | Trail of Tears |
| What practice did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices? | spoils system/patronage |
| What does the word "suffrage" mean? | right to vote |
| What is a tax on imported goods called? | protective tariff |
| What were the "internal improvements" that the state and federal governments invested in during the 1820s and 1830s? | canals and roads |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which philosophy emphasized individualism and an appreciation for the "truth and beauty to be found in nature"? | transcendentalism |
| Which former slave became a leader in the abolitionist movement? | Frederick Douglass |
| Which abolitionist led the anti-slavery movement as the publisher of "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol? | the temperance movement |
| Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott? | women's rights |
| Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for? | abolitionism and women's rights |
| What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Who started the Woman's Rights Movment? | Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott |
| Which event resulted in the passage of more restrictive slave codes in southern states? | Nat Turner's Rebellion |
| What does the word "suffrage" mean? | right to vote |
| What was the result of the Second Great Awakening? | reform movements |
| What was the goal of the temperance movement? | prohibition of alcohol |
| What was a goal of the Declaration of Sentiments created at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? | women's suffrage |
| Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| What was the goal of the British economic policy known as mercantilism? | positive balance of trade (exports > imports) |
| What was the first permanent English settlement in the New World | Jamestown, Virginia |
| this region's economy was based on staple crops and slave labor | South |
| this regions economy was based on commerce, trade, shipbuilding | North |
| Who were the separatists that established Plymouth colony for religious reasons? | Pilgrims |
| What was the transfer of plants, animals, people, and resources between Europe, the Americas, and Africa called? | Columbian Exchange |
| What terms means "to acquire foreign lands and establish new settlements there"? | colonization |
| Who did the Virginia company bring to America in exchange for their commitment to work for a specific period of time? | indentured servants |
| What is the legislative branch of the English government called? | Parliament |
| What was the trade to bring natural resources from the colonies to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies, and slaves from Africa to the colonies called? | Triangular trade |
| Which philosopher's views on separation of powers and checks & balances were used by the creators of the Constitution? | Charles Montesquieu |
| Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which word describes the "god-given mission" for U.S. territorial expansion? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| "54'40 or Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory? | Oregon |
| Which group moved westward during the mid-1800s to escape religious persecution? | the Mormons |
| Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"? | the Mexican War |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War? | the Mexican Cession |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which territory was purchased to acquire land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route? | the Gadsden Purchase |
| What did the United States acquire in the Adams-Onis treaty? | Florida |
| What proposal did anti-slavery representatives make to ban slavery in the territory taken from Mexico? | Wilmot Proviso |
| How did the dispute with Great Britain over Oregon get settled? | treaty |
| What does annexation mean? | add territory |
| What war began because of a dispute between the United States and Mexico over the Texas border? | Mexican War |
| What acts were passed to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession? | Compromise of 1850 |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| Who is best known for their involvement with the Underground Railroad? | Harriet Tubman |
| Which novel increased sectionalism in America on the issue of slavery? | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| What was the Republican Party platform based on in 1860? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| Which historical event led to the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What did the Compromise of 1850 do? | added California as a free state; popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah; Fugitive Slave Act |
| Which people were not citizens in the 1850s according to the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford? | African-Americans |
| What was Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery? | no slavery in the new states/territories |
| What were the people who wanted to ban slavery called in the 1850s? | abolitionists |
| Which radical abolitionist tried to start a slave revolt at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859? | John Brown |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was the turning point where Lee's defeat stopped any future Confederate invasions of the North? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| What ended the Civil War? | Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in secession? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights |
| What became the goal for the Union in the Civil War after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation? | ending slavery |
| What motivated migration into California? | gold rush (1849) |
| Which act was passed to promote farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act (1862) |
| Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads? | immigrants (Irish & Chinese) |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| What was the most important factor that led to the settlement of the West after the Civil War? | completion of the transcontinental railroad |
| How did cattlemen bring Texas longhorns to railroad shipping centers? | cattle drives |
| What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire |
| What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on? | buffalo |
| Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle is the last victory that Indian warriors had against the U.S. army in the Indian wars? | Battle of the Little Bighorn |
| Which massacre was the last violent even in the conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What act divided Indian lands to begin a policy of assimilation? | Dawes Act |
| What federal Indian policy was begun under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What was the U.S. government's Indian policy in the 1860s-1870s? | removal to reservations |
| What was the primary hardship for farmers in the West? | falling crop prices > debt |
| Which political party supported civil rights for African-Americans during Reconstruction (1865-1877)? | Republican party |
| After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| Which Reconstruction plan had the goal of quick re-admission for the southern states after the War? | Lincoln's 10% Plan |
| What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called? | Radical Republicans |
| Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves? | The Freedmen's Bureau |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| What did the Republicans in Congress enact to grant equal rights and citizenship to the freedmen? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| What were states required to do under the Reconstructions Acts of 1867? | ratify the 14th Amendment; extend voting rights to black men |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Which group was formed by ex-Confederates during Reconstruction to terrorize blacks and other Republicans? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| During Reconstruction, the Republican party in the South was supported by which groups of people? | scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African-Americans |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| Which political leader opposed equality for blacks and tried to block the Congress's Reconstruction plans? | President Andrew Johnson |
| What happened in the South after Reconstruction ended? | southern states passed laws to discriminate against African-Americans |
