| A | B |
|---|
| Phoenicians | influenced Greek and Roman language |
| political fragmentation | due to geography of Greece |
| Trojan war | troy vs. Mycenaeans or Greeks |
| Helen | woman who war started over |
| golden apple | reason all the trojan war really started in the first place |
| athens | city-state into art/ literature/ philosophy |
| sparta | greek city-state that was militant |
| democracy/ direct democracy | government of Athens |
| Pericles | leader of Athens who introduced direct democracy and glorified the city |
| polis | greek city-state |
| Persian wars | persia vs. greeks 490-479 BCE |
| ionian revolts -supported by Athens | started persian wars |
| Marathon | 490 BCE Athens vs. Persia and Athens won!!! Persian War |
| Thermopylae | persian war battle 480 BCE and Persia won...horrible Greek defeat but it pulled together Greek support for the war effort |
| Delian League | group created to funnel money to protect against the rise of the Persians |
| Salamis | Persian war navel battle where the Greeks tricked the persians and rammed their ships sinking them |
| Peloponnesian war | athens vs. sparta over conflict starting with the Delian League-war 431-404 BCE |
| Socrates | philosopher killed by Athens for corrupting the youth |
| Plato | philosopher wrote the Republic on the best form of government-allegory of the cave in it...enlightenment |
| Battle of Chaeronea | 338 BCE-King Philip II wins greece |
| Alexander the Great | son of Philip II of Macedonia who rose to power and conquered the Persian Empire |
| Battle of Gaugamela | 331 BCE-Alexander the Great conquers Persia |
| Cyrus the Great | started the Persian Empire |
| tolerance | how Cyrus the great ruled |
| qanat | irrigation ditches of the Persians |
| Zoroastrianism | religion of the Persian Empire |
| Xerxes | Persian king who fought at Thermopylae |
| Hellenistic | Empires that came after Alexander the Great |
| Hellenism | mixing of Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian |
| Patricians | wealthy roman citizens-senate |
| republic | 509 BCE Rome started as this form of government |
| plebeians | regular citizens of rome |
| twelve tables | roman law code that began to give powers to the plebeians |
| Punic wars | Rome vs. Carthage 246-146 BCE...Rome won |
| Hannibal | famous general from Carthage who marched over the Alps into Rome making war |
| Cannae | famous battle where Hannibal defeated a much larger Roman army |
| Scipio | famous roman general who forced hannibal backt to carthage by attacking the city |
| latifundias | giant estates created of off slave labor when soldiers where away fighting so many years |
| Gracchus brother | reforms who were killed for their popular ideas by the seante leading to civil conflict |
| 1st triumvirate | 3 leaders (julius caesar, pompey) Caesar won and became dicator/ consul |
| 2bd triumvirate | 3 leaders (octavian, mark antony) octavian won to become leader |
| Actium | battle in 31 BCE where Octavian defeated Mark Antony to become leader of Rome |
| gave power back to Republic | Octavian did this- |
| Emperor | Octavian...Augustus...begged to become this because of his character |
| Nero | horrible emperor |
| Cladius | emperor who expanded rome into Britain |
| Diocletain | emperor who split up the empire |
| tetrarchy | 4 rulers -Diocletain |
| Constantine | a Roman emperor who legalized christianity and united empire |
| Edict of Milan 313 | leglized Christianity |
| 476 | rome fell |
| Huns | put pressures on Germanic groups who began attacking rome |
| inflation | caused by cutting silver out of roman coins |
| Romulus Augustulus | last emperor of Rome |
