| A | B |
|---|
| Cell wall | Rigid outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane. Provides protection and support. In plants, it is made of cellulose. It is NOT found in animal or protist cells. |
| Ribosome | Conducts protein synthesis. Found in all cells. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | System of membranes and sacs for transportation within the cell. All eukaryotes have it. |
| Integumentary system | Includes skin, hair, nails, etc. Provides protection and helps regulate body temperature |
| Nervous system | Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves. Controls all other systems. Detects changes in environment. Sends and receives signals. |
| Digestive system | Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines, rectum, and anus. Breaks down food into nutrients. Expels solid wastes. |
| Sensory system | Includes eye, nose, mouth, sensory nerves, and ears. Allows you to see, smell, taste, touch, and hear. |
| Respiratory system | Includes nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Brings in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. |
| Reproductive system | Allows for the production of new individuals. Allows for variation within a species. Males: testes, penis, etc. Females: ovaries, uterus, etc. |
| Immune system | Includes many types of immune cells. Keeps you alive and healthy. |
| Circulatory system | Responsible for transporting nutrients to cells and wastes out. Includes heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
| Excretory system | Removal of metabolic wastes. Blood with wastes is carried here. Includes kidney (filers blood), ureters (connects kidneys to bladder), bladder (stores urine), urethra (expels urine) |
| Endocrine system | Has most of the glands within the body. Releases chemicals called hormones. Helps to maintain homeostasis. |
| Muscular system | Muscles, which work in pairs, are attached to bones (skeletal system). Smooth muscle--rarely control, Cardiac muscle--heart, voluntary--movement |
| Skeletal system | Bones (where muscles attach). Works with the muscular; also provides protection for organs, and support for the body |
| Blood | Carries oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to where they need to go. Part of the circulatory system. Pumped by the heart through blood vessels. |
| Vascular tissue | Tissue responsible for movement of fluids, food, etc. Plants: xylem/phloem. Animals: circulatory system. |
| Phloem | Vascular tissue in plants that transports nutrients. |
| Xylem | Vascular tissue in plants that transports water. |
| Transpiration | Way to maintain homeostasis. Leaves give off extra water. |
| Feedback | Allows body to maintain homeostasis. Cycle in which output modifies or reinforces the first action. Example: release of insulin when blood glucose levels are high. |
| pH balance | Must maintain for homeostasis. Organisms may adjust this of different parts of the body to keep enzymes working at their best. |
| Temperature balance | Must maintain for homeostasis. Plants: transpiration to keep cool. Animals: sweat to keep cool. Organisms have adaptations for saving heat. |
| Water balance | Must maintain for homeostasis. Plants-->transpiration. Protozoans-->vacuoles to pump out water. Some remove water through cell membranes. Animals have excretory structures. |
| Flagella | Long, whip-like extension of the cell membrane that allows cells to move |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like extensions of the cell membrane used for movement |
| Pseudopodia | Provides movement for cells (amoeba). Cytoplasm filled projection of the cell membrane. Somtimes used to get food. |
| Unicellular | Organisms with one cell. All bacteria. Some fungi and protists. |
| Cell | Basic building block of all living things. |
| Multicellular | Organisms with more than one cell. All plants and animals. Some fungi and protists. |
| Hydrophilic | "Water-loving". Phosphate "heads" of the cell membrane are this. Will point towards water. |
| Hydrophobic | "Water-fearing." Lipid "tails" of the cell membrane. Will face away from water. |
| Semi-permeable | Allows only certain molecules to come in and out. Cell membrane is referred to as this. |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Another reference to the cell membrane because it has lipids, proteins, phosphates, and 2 layers. |
| Cell membrane | Boundary between the cell and environment. Allows only some things in or out (semi-permeable). Also called the phospholipid bilayer. |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell. Directs all cell activities. Stores genetic information (DNA). All eukaryotes have one. |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, refines, and packagtes products of the cell. Eukaryotes have it. |
| Cytoplasm | Watery substance that cushions and protects organelles. Some transport. ALL cells have it. |
| Chloroplast | Plastid that contains pigments. Site of photosynthesis. All plants and some protists have it. |
| Nuclear membrane | Boundary around nucleus that controls what comes in or out. DNA cannot leave the nucelus. Eukaryotes have it. |
| Nucleolus | Found within the nucleus. Makes ribosomes. Eukaryotes have it. |
| Cytoskeleton | Provides protectin and support inside cells. Eukaryotes have it. |
| Mitochondria | Produces ATP. Cells that require a lot of energy have these. All eukaryotes have them. |
| Vacuoles | Organelle that stores enzymes, wastes, food, and water. Eukaryotes have it. Plants--one large one. Animals--many small ones. |
| Lysosome | Has enzymes to digest organic compounds and wastes of the cell. Eukaryotes have it. |
| Vegetative (reproduction) | Asexual reproduction when new plants develop from parts of the parent (root, stem, leaf, etc.). Does not involve seeds. |
| Binary fission | Asexual reproduction when one cell divides to form two identical cells. Example: bacteria |
| Budding | Asexual reproduction where one cell divides, but they are of unequal size. Example: yeast, hydra |
| Mitosis | Cell division for growth and repair. Two new cells that are genetically identical. Chromosome number stays the same (2n-->2n or n-->n) |
| Chromosomes | Thick, thread-like structures that contains genetic information in the form of DNA |
| Replicates | Making a copy of itself. Exact copies are made. |
| Gametes | Reproductive cells. Male-->sperm. Female-->egg |
| Asexual reproduction | Production of offspring that only involves one parent. Offspring are identical to parent. |
| Sexual reproduction | New individual produced involving two parents. Gametes are used. Sperm + egg = zygote in fertilization. |
| Pollination/pollinate | Takes place when pollen lands on the pistil. After this occurs, the sperm and egg join. Helped by pollinators that are attracted by the smell, shape, or color of flowers. |
| Zygote | Fertilized egg. Fused egg and sperm cells. Twice the number of chromosomes as gamete. Made in fertilization. |
| Fertilization | Process when egg and sperm cells fuse to make a zygote (fertilized egg). egg (n) + sperm (n) = zygote (2n) |
| Angiosperm | Plant that reproduces sexually. Produces flowers and seeds that is protected by a fruit |
| Flower | Structure in which seeds form. Male parts--> stamen produce pollen. Female parts--> pistil produces ovules |
| Mammals | Type of organism that has hair, is warm blooded, breathes air, and females produce milk for their young. Must will not be born until fully developed |
| Fetus | As more organs develop, the embryo becomes this. |
| Embryo | Once a fertilized egg begins to divide, it is called this. |
| Fruit | Part of the pistil becomes this as the seed develops. Way to scatter seeds |
| Placenta | Organ in the uterus that provides oxyen and nutrients to the fetus. |
| Homeostasis | Balance within the body. Process to keep a stable internal environment. Organelles and systems work together. We must maintan this to survive. |
| Parthenogenesis | Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual. Examples: some insects, plants, and snakes. |
