| A | B |
|---|
| Insertion | Mutation where an extra base is added. Example: Original: ATC-GCC. Mutant: AAT-CGC-C |
| Substitution | Mutation where the wrong base is added. Example: Original: ATC-GCC. Mutant: ACC-GCC |
| Somatic mutation | Mutation in a body cell. Can NOT be passed to offspring. |
| Germinal mutation | Mutation in the gamete. CAN be passed to offspring. |
| Mutations | Change in the genes or chromosomes. Source of variation. |
| Karyotype | Picture of all the chromosomes in a cell. |
| Deletion | Mutation in which a base is removed. Example: Original: ATC-GCC. Mutant: ACG-CC |
| Genetic engineering | Manipulation of genes by scientists. |
| Variation | Differences within a species. Mutations are a source. Some are very beneficial--survive in a different or changing environment. |
| Gene splicing | Technique by researchers that "cuts" sections of DNA for use. Example: Creating bacteria to make human proteins to get a large amount of the proteins. |
| Chromosome number abnormality | Changes in chromosome number. Causes genetic disorders, like Down's syndrome. Occurs during meiosis--too many or too few chromosomes |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | DNA produced by combining DNA from two (or more) organisms. Ex: Bacterial DNA with human insulin gene |
| Nondisjunction | Process when one gamete receives both chromosomes and another gamete receives none. Happens during meiosis. |
| Cloning | Method to develop organisms with desirable traits. Making organisms that have the same genes as the original. |
