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| Name the carpals of the hand that make up the Intercarpal joints. | Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate. |
| What muscles attach to the medial epicondyle of the Humerus? | Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. |
| What is the distal attachment for the Biceps brachii? | Radial Tuberosity and Bicipital aponeurosis. |
| What muscle has a distal attachment on the styloid process of the Radius? | Brachioradialis. |
| All of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are innervated by what nerve? But one of the muscles is NOT, which One? AND One of the Muscles is Innervated by Two Nerves!, which is what? | Median Nerve/ Flexor Carpi Ulnaris muscle is innervated by the Ulna!/ The Flexor Digitorum Profundus is innervated by both the Median and Ulnar Nerves. |
| What Muscle is attached to the Posterior surface of the radius, and proximal phalanx of the thumb? | Extensor Pollicis Brevis |
| What are the muscles of the Hypothenar Group Innervated by? What about the Thenar Group? | Ulnar Nerve/ Median Nerve |
| How many muscles are in the Superficial Layer of the Flexor compartment? | 4 |
| How many muscles are in the deep layer of the Flexor compartment? | 3 |
| How many muscles are in the Superficial layer of the Extensor compartment? | 6 |
| How many muscles are in the Deep layer of the Extensor compartment? | 3 |
| Name the muscles that Both ADduct and Flex the Thigh. | Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus, Pectineus, and Gracilis. |
| How many muscles are in the Anterior compartment of the Leg? What are they? What are their actions? | 4/ Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Fibularis Tertius, and Extensor Hallucis Longus./ DorsiFlexoion of foot and Extension of toes. |
| What are the 2 muscles on the Lateral Compartment of the Leg? | Fibularis Longus and Fibularis Breivs. |
| How many muscles are in the posterior compartment of the Leg? What are they? What are their actions? | 6/ Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus, and Tibialis Posterior./ Plantar Flexion of the foot. |
| What are the two Ligaments that attach the Humerus to the Ulna and Radius? | Radial and Ulnar Collateral Ligaments. |
| Name the Vessels that come from the SVC. | Brachiocephalic veins branch left and right, then branch to create the Internal Jugular vein and Subclavian vein |
| Name the branches of the Ascending Aorta around the surface of the heart. | Left Coronary Artery branches to the left to create the Circumflex Artery and also to the right and down to create the Anterior Interventricular Artery./ The Right Coronary Artery branches to create the Marginal Artery, then wraps around to the posterior of the heart to create the Posterior Interventricular Artery. |
| Which Veins carry DeOxygenated blood to the right Atrium? | Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Along with the Coronary Sinus! |
| Name the Branches that come from the Aortic Arch... From Right to Left! | The Brachiocephalic trunk comes from the Aortic Arch and divides to create the Right Subclavian Artery and Right Common Carotid Artery./ The Aortic Arch also gives rise to the Left Common Carotid Artery and the Left Subclavian Artery. |
| Name the Vessels that Pierce through the Diaphragm. | IVC at T8/ Descending Aorta at T12/ and the Esophagus at T10! |
| What vessels branch off of the Pulmonary Trunk? | Left and Right Pulmonary Arteries. |
| What comes from the Left Atrium? | Left and Right Pulmonary Veins. |
| What vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava vein. | Azygous vein. |
| What separates the Atrium chambers of the heart? What about the Ventricles? | Interatrial Septum/ Interventricle Septum. |
| What are the muscles that lie on the interior surface of the heart in the Right Atrium? | Pectinate muscles. |
| What are the muscle that lie on the interior surface of the heart in the right ventricle. | Trabeculae Carnae |
| What carries Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? | Pulmonary Veins |
| What carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs? | Pulmonary Arteries. |
| Name the Electrical Conduction system. | Electrical impulse travels from the SA Node to the AV Node, then it pauses, then starts again to the AV Bundle of "His", and then to the Purkinje Fibers. |
| What are the 2 Arteries that lie on the sides of the Sternum? | Internal Thoracic Arteries. |
| What are the main functions of the Respiratory system? (6) | Breathing- Inhalation and Exhalation, Gas conditioning, sound production, Olfaction and defense. |
| Name the Conducting portion and Respiratory portion of the Lower Respiratory Tract. | Conducting Portion- Larynx, trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles./ Respiratory portion- Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, and Alveoli. |
| Name the 4 portions of the Bronchial Tree from proximal to distal. | Trachea branches to create the; Primary bronchi, then Lobar Bronchi, then Segmental Bronchi, and then the Smaller bronchi. |
| What is a component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles? | The Bronchial Circulation |
| What conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs? | The Pulmonary Circulation. |
| What is the part of the trachea that divides into the 2 Primary Bronchi? | The Carina |
| What is breathing also known as? | Pulmonary Ventilation. |
| What muscle helps depress the ribs? What muscle Depresses the ribs, but only upon forced Exhalation? | Transversus Thoracis/ Internal Intercostal Muscles. |
| Name the Thoracic Cavity dimensional changes that are associated with breathing./ Also name what they cause to move. | Vertical- Diaphragm contracts on inhalation and relaxes on exhalation./ Lateral- Ribs elevate on inhalation and ribs depress on exhalation./ Anterior-Posterior: INferior portion of Sternum moves Anteriorly on Inhalation and moves Posteriorly on exhalation. |
| What is the path of blood flow through the heart? | Oxygenated blood is pumped from the Left Ventricle through the Ascending and descending Aorta to the upper and lower body, Now this blood is Deoxygenated and travels into the Right Atrium Via the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava's, Which is then pumped from the Right Atrium into the Right Ventricle, which then pumps Deoxygenated blood through the Pulmonary trunk and its Pulmonary Arteries to the Lungs, blood goes through gas exchanges with capillaries, then Oxygenated blood pumps from the Lungs Via the Pulmonary Veins into the Left Atrium, which then pumps Oxygenated blood to the Left Venticle and back out through the Aorta to restart the cycle. |
| The Anterior Cruciate Ligament prevents ________ movement of the Tibia with respect to the Femur. | Anterior! |
| Name the 4 ligaments that are in the Pelvis. | Inguinal, Sacrospinus, Sacotuberous Ligament, and Obturator Membrane. |
| Name the 3 muscles of the Levator Ani. | Illiococcygeus, Pubococcygeus, and Puborectalis. |
| Name Tom, Dick and Harry. from Posterior to Anterior | Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, and then Flexor Hallucis Longus. |
| What ligament prevents hyperadduction of the leg at the knee? | Fibular collateral ligament |
| What ligament prevents hyperabduction of the leg at the knee? What else does this ligament attach to? | Tibial collateral ligament/ The Medial Meniscus. |
| What ligament runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia? What does this Ligament prevent? | ACL- Anterior Cruciate Ligament./ Prevents hyper-extension. |
| What ligament runs from the anterioferior femur to the posterior side of the femur? What does it prevent? | PCL- Posterior Cruciate Ligament./ Prevents hyperflexion. |
| A Lateral Blow to the knee joint will cause what ligament to break? | The Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament and the medial meniscus/ also possibly the ACL. |
| A Hernia occurring within the spermatic cord and deep ring is called what? | Indirect Hernia |
| A Hernia occurring within the Inguinal Triangle/ Superficial inguinal ring is called what? | Direct Hernia |
| Contraction of the Pelvic muscles does what to the diaphragm? | Elevates it |
| T/F..? The Ilioiopsoas is a powerful flexor? | True |
| What is the action of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh? What are they Innervated by? | Knee Extensors and Hip Flexors/ Innervated by the Femoral Nerve |
| What is the action of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh? What are they innervated by? | Knee Flexors and Hip Extensors./ Innervated by the Sciatic Nerve. |
| What is the action of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh? What are they Innervated by? | Hip ADductors/ Innervated by the Obturator Nerve. |
| Name the muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh. What are these Muscles Innervated by? | Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Lateralis and Intermiedius., And then Sartorius./ Femoral Nerve. |
| Name the Muscles of the Posterior Compartment. | Biceps Femoris Long and Short, And Semitendonous and Semimembranous. |
| Name the Muscles of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh./ There main action is "ADduction" of the Hip, except one Flexes the knee, which one? | Adductor Longus, Brevis Magnus, And Gracilis./ Gracilis. |
| What two muscles can be considered apart of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh? What are they originated at? | The Illiopsoas/ Lesser Trochanter |
| What muscle Abducts the Hip and stabilizes the knee?/ Innervation? | Tensor Fasciae Latae/ Superior Gluteal Nerve |
| What are innervated by the Obturator Nerve? | Adductor Magnus, Longus and Brevis, And Gracilis. |
| What main two muscles of the Thigh Attach and Act on the Hip? | Sartoius and Rectus Femoris |
| What lies within the Femoral Triangle, From Medial to Lateral? | Femoral Vein, Artery, and Nerve. |
| What is the goose foot? What three muscles make it up? | Pes Anserinous/ Sartorious, Gracilis, and SemiTendinosus. |
| T/F..? Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee are within Synovial Fluid in the Cavity. | False |
| How many muscles are in the Anterior Compartment of the "Leg"? What are they? | 3/ Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digiotum Longus, and Extensor Hallucis Longus. |
| How many muscles are in the "Superficial Posterior" Compartment of the "Leg".? What are they? | 3/ Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, and Soleus. |
| How many muscles are in the "Deep Posterior" layer of the "Leg".? What are they? | 4/ Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus, Tibialis Posterior, and Popliteus. |
| What Vein runs along the Medial side of the Entire Thigh/Leg? | Great Saphenous Vein. |
| What Ligament of the foot is most prone to sprains? | Anterior Talo-Fibular Ligament |
| How Many Lobar Bronchi are in the Left and Right Lungs? | 5 all together/ 2 in the Left and 3 in the Right. |
| How many Tertiary Bronchi are in Left and Right Lungs? | 18-20/ Right Lung has 10 and Left Lung has 8-10. |
| Name the 5 major differences from Anatomical change of Chimpanzees to Australopithecine..? | 1.) Chimps skull attaches posteriorly while Humans attaches Inferiorly/ 2.) Chimps spine is C shaped while Humans has an S shape./ 3.) Chimps arms are longer than their Legs, In Humans the Opposite is true./ 4.) Chimps have a long narrow pelvis, Humans have a bowl shaped pelvis./ 5.) Chimps have their Femur angled out, while the Humans have their Femur angled inward. |
| What is the difference in Chimps to Humans in regards to the Foramen Magnum? | Its positioned more Anteriorly in Humans. |
| What is the significant difference in Chimps feet, compared to Humans? | Chimps have an ABducted Hallux, While Humans have a ADucted Hallux. |
| Name three Hypothesis for Bipedalism.. | Savanna Dwelling/ Thermoregulation/ and Bioenergetics (efficiency). |
| What does Speed =..? | Stride Length x Stride Frequency. |
| The Evolution of Longer Legs is most apparent where on the Body? | Distal Leg segments |
| Heal strike in running causes...? | A Larger Impact Transient. |
| During Diastole what valves open? What about Systole? | Atrioventricular vavles./ SemiLunar Valves. |
| What makes up the small dimples of the back? | Posterior Superior Illiac Spine |
| What are the Muscles of the Abdomen and Thorax Innervated by? | Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Nerves (T7-L1) |
| What muscle's Invert the foot? | Tibialis Anterior and Posterior. |
| What muscle's Evert the foot? | Fibularis Longus and Breivs and Fibularis Tertius "weakly" Everts the foot! |
