| A | B |
|---|
| Richard Arkwright | Developed a spinning machine that ran on water power |
| James Hargreaves | Invented the spinning jenny |
| Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin |
| James Watt | Perfected the steam engine. |
| Henry Ford | Mass produced the Model T using the assembly line method. |
| Gottlieb Daimler | Made an internal combustion engine which ran on gasoline |
| Robert Fulton | Designed the first practical steamboat |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Invented the telephone |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Devised the wireless telegraph – later the radio |
| Charles Darwin | Developed a theory of evolution based on natural selection |
| Entrepreneur | Person who undertakes risks to establish a business |
| Factory system | Method of production in which goods are made by workers and machines in one location outside their homes |
| Domestic system | Early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home |
| Manchester | Industrial center in England |
| Francois Toussaint-Louverture | Former slave who led the independence movement in Haiti |
| Simon Bolivar | “the liberator” - led independence movement in many South American colonies including Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador |
| Jose de San Martin | Helped Chile and Peru achieve independence |
| Pedro I | Crowned Emperor of Brazil in 1822 |
| Peninsulares | Officials born in Spain or Portugal who led society in colonial Latin America |
| Creoles | Person of European ancestry born in colonial Latin America |
| Mestizos | In Latin America, a person of Native American and European ancestry |
| Christopher Columbus | Sent by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain - reached the Bahamas in 1492 |
| Aztecs | Residents of Mexico when the Spanish arrived |
| Incas | South American Indians |
| Cartographer | Person who makes maps |
| Triangular trade | Three-directional trade route between Europe, Africa, and America in the 1600’s |
| Middle passage | Middle section of the triangular trade, in which enslaved Africans were brought by ship to the Americas |
| Suleiman I | Early Ottoman ruler |
| Islam | Muslims belong to this religion |
| Sultan | Political leader with abolute authority over a Muslim country |
| Mosque | A Muslim house of worship |
| Samurai | Class of landowning warriors in feudal Japan, who pledged loyalty to a daimyo |
| Haiku | Japanese poetry form with 17 syllables, usually in three lines |
| Isaac Newton | Stated the theory of gravity |
| John Locke | Advocated government by social contract |
| Voltaire | Pen name of French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet. |
| Enlightened despot | A monarch who began social changes based on Enlightenment ideas |
| Philosophe | A social or political thinker of the Enlightenment |
| Enlightenment | 18th century period when man looked at his world based on science and reason. |
| Encyclopedie | 28 volume French encyclopedia which published during the Enlightenment. |
| Laissez-faire | Economic principle that government should not regulate businesses |
| Charles I | English king executed during the English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | Ruled England after the monarchy was overthrown during the English Civil War; Lord Protector of England. |
| Cavaliers | Supporters of the king during the English Civil War |
| Roundheads | Supporters of Parliament and Puritans during the English Civil War. |
| Martial law | Temporary military rule, limited rights such as free speech |
| Royalist | Person who supports a monarchy |
| Commonwealth | A nation or state governed by the people or their representatives |
| King Louis XIV | The Sun King; ruled France for 72 years; built Versailles. |
| Queen Elizabeth I | Protestant Queeen who ruled England from 1558 – 1603; Shakespeare’s Queen. |
| Catherine the Great | Ruled Russia from 1762 – 1796 – Catherine II. |
| Versailles | French palace. |
| Vienna | City in Austria. |
| Divine right | Political theory that a ruler derives his or her power directly from god and is accountable only to God |
| Michaelangelo Buonarroti | Renaissance artist and sculptor famous for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Renaissance artist, scientist and inventor – painter of the Mona Lisa |
| Lorenzo de’ Medici | Renaissance ruler of Florence. |
| Savonarola | Florentine zealot who challenged the Medici family |
| Gutenberg | Inventor of moveable type |
| Martin Luther | German monk who began the Protestant Reformation |
| John Calvin | Protestant leader who set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland |
| Henry VIII | English Renaissance ruler who broke with the Catholic Church |
| Anne Boleyn | Wife of Henry VIII and mother of Queen Elizabeth I |
| Florence | Italian city that was a Renaissance center led by the Medici family |
| Rome | Italian city that is the home of the Vatican, the Sistine Chapel and the Pope |
| Venice | Italian city that was a Renaissance center led by doges |
| Doge | The elected leader of the republic in the city-state of Venice |
| Humanism | Renaissance movement based on the literature and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome, such as the worth of each individual |
| Renaissance | rebirth |
| Theocracy | Government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god |
| Oligarchy | Form of government in which a small group holds political power |
| Secular | Worldly, not overtly or specifically religious |
| Indulgence | Pardon sold by the Catholic Church to reduce one’s punishment for sins |
| Peace of Westphalia | Ended the Thirty Years War and divided central Europe into Roman Catholic and Protestant territories |
| Council of Trent | Called by the Pope to reaffirm Catholic teachings that had been challenged by the Protestants |
| Maria Antoinette | Queen of France during the French Revolution. |
| Louis XVI | King of France beheaded on the guillotine. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Emperor of France; conquered much of Europe during early 1800’s. |
| Duke of Wellington | Lead the countries which finally defeated Napoleon. |
| Prince Metternich | Presided over the Congress of Vienna - believed Europe should be restored to the way it was before the French Revolution. |
| Bastille | A prison in Paris |
| Prussia | Country in what is today North Eastern Germany. |
| Waterloo | Location of Napoleon final defeat. |
| Estate | One of the three distinct social classes in France during the 1700’s. |
| Conscription | Compulsory call to military service; the draft. |
| Dictatorship | Government headed by a ruler with absolute authority. |
| Buffer States | Neutral territories surrounding a country which helped protect the country’s borders. |
| Congress of Vienna | 1814 meeting in which new boundaries for European countries were formed. |
| Napoleonic Code | French law written to make law clear and consistent – based on principles of the Enlightenment. |
