| A | B |
|---|
| Mendel’s Laws | Laws that established the basic tennants of genetics |
| gene | segment of DNA that controls one trait |
| allele | different forms of the same gene |
| dominant | only one of these genes is needed to be expressed |
| recessive | two of these genes are needed to be expresses |
| homozygous | two of the same allele (HH or hh) |
| heterozygous | two different alleles (Hh) |
| Phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| genotype | the combination of alleles that an organims has |
| punnett square | the tool used to predict offspring |
| hybrid | an organism with two different species as parents. |
| homologous chromosome | chromosomes that carry the same genes |
| genetic recomination | gluing pieces of DNA back together |
| gametes | male and female sex cells (sperm or egg) |
| crossing over | when homologous chromosomes switch genes in prophase of meiosis |
| fertilization | when egg and sperm combine |
| diploid | cell with normal number of chromosomes (46 for humans) |
| haploid | cells with half the number of chromosomes (23 for humans) |
| sex-linked traits | genes carried on the X-chromosome, easier for males to get the recessive trait |
| autosome | one of the first 22 chromosomes |
| sex-chromosome | the last pair of chromosomes - the X or Y |
| carrier | organism that has, but does not express a gene |
| DNA | genetic material that carries instructions for making protein |
| replication | making another copy of DNA |
| RNA | helps DNA to make protein |
| mRNA | messenger RNA- carries the code out of the nucleus |
| tRNA | transfer RNA - brings amino acids to the ribosome |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA - reads the code |
| transcription | converting the DNA code into RNA code |
| translation | converting the RNA code into a protein |
| codon | set of 3 RNA letters that code for one amino acid |
| mutation | mistake in the DNA code |
| gene mutation | mistake in one gene |
| chromosomal mutation | mistake in a whole or many chromosome |
| karotype | organizing the chromosomes by size and shape |
| cloning | making a copy of a cell or whole organism |
| recombinant DNA | pasting the pieces of DNA together |
| gene splicing | cutting DNA |
| gene therapy | inserting healthy copies of genes into sick patients |
| DNA fingerprinting | gel electrophoresis; using the unique pattern of DNA to identify an organism |
