| A | B |
|---|
| Binary Fission? | The Asexual process of cell division by Prokaryotic organisms (Bacteria). |
| Autosomes? | Non sex Chromosomes |
| Define Chromatin. | A molecular complex, composed of DNA and associated proteins, that make up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms. |
| Packaged individual units of DNA are called? | Chromosomes |
| DNA Replication? | The Chromosomes that DNA helps make up are "Duplicating". |
| What is, One of the two identical strands of chromatin that make up a chromosome in its duplicated state? | Chromatid |
| Duplicated chromosomes= what? | 2 sister chromatid attached at centromere. |
| What is a Karyotype? | A pictorial arrangement of a complete set of human chromosomes. |
| What is the repeating pattern of growth, genetic duplication, and division seen in most cells? | The Cell Cylce |
| What is Mitosis? | The separation of a cells duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis. |
| What is the physical separation of one parent cell into two daughter cells? | Cytokinesis |
| T/F..? DNA wraps around Protein to create Chromatin? | True |
| Protein fibers that are apart of the cells cytoskeleton?/ What are the others that are "Active" in cell division? | Microtublues./ Mitotic spindles |
| In the S phase of Mitosis what occurs? | DNA Replication/ Chromosome duplication. |
| Somatic cells go through? | Mitosis |
| The human Genome has how many pairs of chromosomes? | 23 |
| What consists of DNA and Chromatin? | Chromosomes. |
| Center of connection between 2 chromatids? | Centromere |
| Three functions of Mitosis? | Repair, Growth, and Replacement. |
| What two events occur in Prophase 1 of Meiosis, that doesn't occur in Mitosis? | Homologous chromosomes "Synapsis" together/ and they Cross Over. |
| How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?/ How many sex chromosomes per daughter cell? | 4/ 1 |
| Name the three reasons for genetic variation within Meiosis. | Crossing over in Prophase 1/ Random Alignment during Metaphase 1/ and Fertilization (Combing individuals DNA). |
| What occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis, that NON sister Chromatids of homologs do? | Cross over |
| Germ Cells are what kind of cells? | Reproductive cells |
| T/F..? Mitosis Is a sexual reproducing process? | False/ Its Asexual |
| Which occurs first within Meiosis, Crossing over of Homologs? Or Independent Assortment? | Crossing over occurs first within Prophase 1 of Meiosis and Independent Assortment occurs next within Metaphase 1. |
| What allows for the production of sperm within males to last from puberty to Death!? | Stem Cells! |
| What does a mature sperm have in its front head area? Middle / Back? | A haploid set of chromosomes in head/ Mitochondria in the middle/ and a flagellum in the back for propulsion. |
| Where does gamete production occur in males?/ Where do sperm mature at? | the Testes Seminiferous tubules./ They mature in the Epididymis. |
| What are non functional cells that are produced during meiosis in females? | Polar Bodies. |
| Name the stops and starts of Oogenesis. | By 3 months (1st Trimester) Fetuses eggs have begun development./ Development stops at 3 months, then starts again during puberty/ then stops again at Menopause. |
| Name the three Accessory glands in the male and what they do? | 1.) Seminal Vesicle- add sugar/ 2.) Prostate Gland- Raises the pH (more alkaline) of the Vagina./ 3.) Bulbourethral gland- Raises the pH of the male. (less acidic) |
| The release of an oocyte from the follicle of an Ovary is termed what? | Ovulation |
| Where do Oocytes develop? What Nourishes them? | The Ovaries/ Ovarian Follicles |
| What is the Cervix? | The beginning opening and barrier of the Uterus. |
| What is the cessation of the monthly ovarian cycle? | Menopause. |
| Oogenesis occurs in the ________? | Ovaries. |
| Oogenesis is _________________? | The Production of Gametes |
| Oviduct is known as what? And whats its function? | The Uterine Tube/ It transports Oocytes to the Uterus. |
| When is a Zygote in turn called a Embryo?/ Fetus? | Called an Embryo after the zygote undergoes its first cell division and until week 8/ Then Its called a Fetus from week 9 and beyond. |
| How many Daughter cells (Gametes) are produced by males per cycle of Meiosis?/ Females? | 4/ 1 |
| What is the role of Progesterone? | Maintains Endometrium/ And prevents Ovulation or Egg development. |
| what builds up the Endometrium? | Estrogen |
| How do Oral Contraceptions work? | They prevent Ovulation with the ingested Progesterone taken. |
| When you create a "Dihybrid" Cross you always get what Genotype and what ratio? What Law is represented by a Dihybrid Cross? | Heterozygous/ 9:3:3:1/ Independent Assortment |
| In a Monohybrid cross what kind of Ratio is there?/ What is it called? | 3:1 ratio/ called "Complete Dominance". |
| What is known as, 'a condition in which two alleles of a given gene have different phenotypic effects, that both occur in organisms that are heterozygous for the gene. | Co-Dominance. |
| Incomplete Dominance?. | Heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between either of the homozygous phenotypes. |
| Each Gamete only gets one of the two alleles in Anaphase of Meiosis...? | Law of Segregation. |
| A condition in which two alleles of a given gene have different phenotypic effects. | CoDominace. |
| What is an example of polygenic inheritance.?.... What is Polygenic Inheritance? | Skin Pigmentation. (Lots of Genes involved)/... The inheritance of genetic characters that are determined by the interaction of "multiple genes". |
| What is a Test Cross?... When is it used? | Crossing a Homozygous recessive (ww) with Homozygous Dominant with BOTH Homozygous recessive and Heterozygous. If there are any (ww) short whiskered, then mother had to be Heterozygous (Ww) / Used when trying to determine the Genotype of an Organism. |
| The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to what? | Darwin's explanation of Natural Selection. |
| T/F.? Homozygous crossed with Homozygous creates Heterozygous?... Where does this occur? | True/ CoDominance in Blood. |
| During Gamete formation, Gene pairs assort independently from one another... What is it? | Law of independent assortment. |
| Autosomal Recessive? What is an example? | Both parents have to be Heterozygous for the trait, in order for a child to be affected./ Sickle Cell Anemia |
| Autosomal Dominant? | Need only one parent to Have the Dominant trait, to be passed on. |
| Is Sickle Cell Anemia an Autosomal Disorder or X-inked Disorder? What About Colorblindness?/.. Are Sickle cell anemia and Colorblindness Recessive or Dominant? | Autosomal./ X-linked/ Recessive |
| Non-disjunction causes what? | Aneuploidy. |
| What is Aneuploidy and what causes it? | When an organism has either more or fewer chromosomes than normally exists.... What causes it is "Non-disjunction" within Meiosis 1 and 2. |
| When Non-disjunction occurs within Meiosis 1, what are the percentages that Gametes will be Abnormal?/ What about in Meiosis 2? | Meiosis 1- 100% of Gametes will be Abnormal./.. In Meiosis 2-- 50% will Abnormal and 50% will be Normal. |
| What is the major cause of Down Syndrome? | Non-Disjunction of female egg Gametes. Because each female egg has begins Meiosis 1 before birth, but her eggs stay in this phase until ovulation once/month. By the time a woman is thirty her gametes may lose their functional ability to separate homologous chromosomes. |
| What is known as Trisomy 21? | Down syndrome. |
| Using Sickle Cell Anemia as an example, explain how it is the environment that determines the best suited Genotype. | In Sickle Cell Anemia, it is an autosomal recessive disease, so (ss) is lethal for Sickle Cell Anemia , BUT (SS) Homozygous Dominant is Lethal for "Malaria"!! So that leaves Heterozygous (Ss) more likely to survive., But Mutant (s) allele will increase in frequency. |
| What does PGD stand for? What is the advantage of this practice other than CVS or Amniocentesis? | Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis.(Invitro-Fertilization)/ Advantage is that fertilization occurs in the laboratory, where they are able to test for specific traits and diseases that the parents can determine which zygotes will be implanted into the uterine wall for birth. |
| T/F..? Amniocentesis takes about 4.5 months to be able to get the results of whether the fetus is abnormal. | True |
| What kind of genetics testing is faster, CVS or Amniocentesis? | CVS at 2-1/2 months |
| What Genetics testing procedure removes placenta from the Uterus for testing? | CVS |
| What Genetics testing procedure removes amniotic fluid from the uterus for testing? | Amniocentesis. |
| When making a dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents, the phenotypes of their offspring will always be what? | 9:3:3:1 |
| What types of Gametes can these couples produce? (AAGG x aagg) | AG/ Ag/ aG/ ag |
| For X-linked tratis, If an affected make mates with an unaffected female, they will produce what? | All affected females/ BUT NO affected males, because a father never passes his X to a son! |
| For X-linked traits, If an Affected female mates with a normal male, then their offspring will produce what? | 50% males affected/ and 50% females affected. |
| The Chromatin Net contains what? | Maternal and Paternal DNA |
| T/F..? In Anaphase of Mitosis, Sister Chromatids are pulled apart. | True |
| Crossing over and Random Alignment occur in what phase of cell divisions? | Meiosis 1- Prophase 1/ and Meiosis 1- Metaphase 1 |
| What is the name for when the heterozygote has the phenotype of both parental types? | Co-Dominance. |
