| A | B |
|---|
| amino acids | building blocks of protein |
| essential amino acids | 8 amino acids that must come from food |
| nitrates | any salt or ester of nitric acid |
| nonessential amino acids | 12 amino acids that the body synthesizes |
| protein | molecules composed of amino acid chains; 20% of body mass |
| carbohydrates | sugar molecules; most efficient source of energy |
| complex carbohydrates | polysaccharides; composed of starch and cellulose |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | carrier of genes in the nuclei of all body cells |
| fiber | compounds from the framework of plants |
| fructose | simple sugar of fruits and honey |
| galactose | monosaccharide derived from lactose |
| glucose | principal energy source in all cells |
| lactase | enzyme secreted by the small intestine |
| lactose | bonding of glucose and galactose |
| simple sugars | monosaccharides |
| starch | complex chain of glucose molecules |
| sucrose | bonding of glucose and fructose |
| glycogen | carbohydrate stores in humans and animals |
| cellulose | dietary fiber from plant cells |
| soluble fiber | can be dissolved in water |
| lipids (fats) | triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols |
| fatty acids | carbon-hydrogen chains in fats |
| saturated fat | from animals; solid at room temperature |
| monounsaturated fatty acid | has one double bond in the chain |
| polyunsaturated fatty acid | has more than one double bond in the chain |
| trans-fatty acids | chemical alteration of unsaturated fats |
| artificial fats | chemicals added for taste and texture |
| cholesterol | sterol; needed for bile salts, vitamin D, and hormones |
| linolenic acid | essential omega-3 fatty acid |
| linoleic acid | essential omega-6 fatty acid |
| lecithin | essential component of cell membranes |
| vitamins | organic substances needed for bodily function |
| fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, & K vitamins |
| water-soluble vitamins | B & C vitamins |
| antioxidants | inhibit oxidation of compounds |
| minerals | inorganic elements needed for bodily function |
| dietary supplements | provide one or more of the 40 essential nutrients |
| functional food | food to which other nutrients are added |
| nutraceutical | supplement meant to prevent/treat illness |
| phytochemicals | chemicals produced by plants |
| myplate.gov | USDA tool for promoting healthy eating guidelines |
| calorie dense | high in calories, low in nutrition quality |
| nutrient dense | high in nutrition, low in calories |
| kilocalorie | energy to raise 1kg of water 1 degree celsius |
| nutrition facts label | lists quantity of nutrients in DVs |
| ingredients label | listed in descending order by weight |
| percent daily value | percentage of recommended daily amount |
| recommended dietary allowance (RDA) | nutrients recommended according to gender and age |
| recommended adult protein intake | 45-60 grams per day |
| recommended salt intake | 3 grams per day |
| metabolism | energy from the breakdown of food molecules |
| basal metabolic rate | energy needed for body function at rest |
| sulfites | used as a preservative in food |
| gamma irradiation | non-chemical food preservation method |
| vegetarian | one who eats no meat, poultry, or fish |
| vegan | one who excludes all animal products |
| lacto-vegetarian | excludes all animal products except milk |
| lacto-ovo vegetarian | excludes animal products except milk and eggs |
| DASH eating plan | dietary approach to stop hypertension |
| ascorbic acid (vitamin C) | essential to bone and tooth formation |
| B vitamins | involved in metabolism and DNA synthesis |
| retinol (vitamin A) | promotes maintenance of eyes and skin |
| calciferol (vitamin D) | regulates calcium absorption |
| tocopherol (vitamin E) | prevents cell oxidation |
| phylloquinone (vitamin K) | helps with blood clotting |
| calcium | promotes bone and tooth formation |
| chlorine | promotes formation of gastric juice |
| copper | produces enzymes of iron metabolism |
| iodine | constituent of thyroid hormones |
| iron | constituent of hemoglobin |
| magnesium | involved in protein synthesis |
| manganese | involved in fat synthesis |
| phosphorus | promotes bone and tooth formation |
| potassium | essential to nerve function |
| selenium | associated with vitamin E |
| sodium | essential to acid-base balance and nerve function |
| sulfur | constituent of cartilage and tendons |
| zinc | involved in producting digestive enzymes |
| anemia | deficiency of red blood cells from low iron |
| goiter | enlarged thyroid from lack of iodine |
| recommended fiber intake | 20-35 grams per day |
| sunlight | ultimate source of energy |
