| A | B |
|---|
| Why did European countries seek new trade routes? | To cut out the Muslim & Italian middlemen who controlled the Mediterranean Sea & gain direct access to the riches of East Asia |
| What products were especially valued? | Chinese silk & porcelain; Indian textiles; but MOSTLY SPICES of the East Indies [Pepper like gold] |
| What inventions made sea travel across the ocean possible? | navigation instruments [astrolabe, magnetic compass, sextant]; new ships & their rigging [caravel, sternpost rudder] & better maps [mercator] |
| ASTROLABE | DEVICE to measure the angle of the sun & stars above the horizon |
| CARAVEL | SHIP with triangular sails |
| MERCATOR | MAP PROJECTION that shows latitude & longitude as straight lines; shapes are accurate, but size becomes more distorted the farther away from the equator |
| CARTOGRAPHERS | map makers |
| Which countries were the first to seek new sea routes? | PORTUGAL, then SPAIN |
| Who was HENRY THE NAVIGATOR? | Prince of Portugal - set up a school for navigators - where he gathered scientists, cartographers & sea experts to build ships, make maps & train sailors |
| Why did Portugal explore the west coast of Africa? | to trade for gold, ivory & slaves |
| Which portuguese explorer first rounded the Tip of Africa? | Bartholomeu DIAS |
| Which portuguese explorer rounded Africa, explored rhe west coast of Africa, then sailed on to India? | Vasco DA GAMA |
| Who sponsored the great sea expeditions & why? | Monarchs [kings/queens] to increase trade; build empires & sometimes spread Christianity |
| QUEEN ISABELLA | Spanish monarch sponsored Columbus's expedition; wanted to find a western route to the Spice Islands & spread Christianity |
| CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS | Explored the Caribbean islands [Cuba, Hati] for Spain; thought he was in the East Indies |
| FERDINAND MAGELLAN | Spainsh - entered the Pacific Ocean - sailed south along the coast of South America and into the Pacific through the narrow straits named after him |
| Philippines | Claimed for Spain by Magellan; named after King Philip II of Spain |
| TREATY OF TORDESILLAS | Divided the New World between Spain & Portugal along a line of Demarcation - land to west = Spanish; to east = Portuguese |
| Brazil | Belonged to Portugal [was east of the Line of Demarcation] Only colony in South America that was NOT Spanish |
| Pedro CABRAL | Portuguese explorer; claimed Brazil for Portugal |
| Juan PONCE DE LEON | Spanish explorer - tried to find the Fountain of Youth - found land he named Florida |
| Vasco de BALBOA | Spanish - found the Pacific Ocean- went through South American jungles |
| AMERIGO VESPUCCI | Represented the Medici Bank in Spain- sailed for Spain; explored the coast of Central America |
| SIR FRANCIS DRAKE | English explorer - Rounded the tip of South America- raided Spanish settlements- continued around the world [western route] |
| CIRCUMNAVIGATE | To sail around the world |
| Who were the first to circumnavigate the world? | Magellan's crew after leaving the philippines; then Sir Francis Drake |
| JOHN CABOT | Italian who sailed for England - Explored the coast of North America & found the rich fishing grounds off Newfoundland |
| JACQUE CARTIER | French explorer - sailed up the St. Lawrence River |
| HENRY HUDSON | Sailed for the Dutch - Looking for a passage through America he explored the river today called the Hudson River |
| What were the explorers of the Americas looking for? | A passage through America to the East Indies |
| tributary state | Remained independent; but had to acknowledge the superioity of the dominate state & pay it tribute [taxes] |
| What were 2 tributary states of China? | Korea & Vietnam |
| Trung Trac & Trung Nhi | Two sisters who led the resistence movement to end Chinese domination in Vietnam & get Vietnam its independence |
| Two regions in Southeast Asia | Mainland peninsula & 20,000 islands |
| Four religions in Southeast Asia | Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, Islam |
| How hinduism & Buddhism got to Southeast Asia from India | Cultural Diffusion |
| Known as the "Hermit Kingdom" because of its isolation & exclusion of foreigners | Korea |
| SEPOYS | INDIAN SOLDIERS paid by the British & the French |
| British East India Company | Trading company set up in the 1600's & controlled 3/5 of India by 1850 |
| Benefits of English rule in India | Better roads, kept peace; prevented crime; brought Christianity, western law & religion; made positive social changes such as ending slavery, ending the caste system and improving the status of women |
| Products of India | handicrafts, shipbuilding, textiles [silks & cottons] |
| Which two European powers fought for power in India? | France & England |
| Which country gained the first control over the spice trade in Asia & what were its tactics? | Potugal called the Indian Ocean a Portuguese Lake - was able to claim the area because of its superior military; It also seized cities on coast of Africa to supply ships - caused resentment among Hindus and Muslims because Catholic missionaries destroyed temples & introduced the Inquisition |
| Which European power built Capetown in South Africa? | The Dutch - to resupply their ships |
| Why were the Dutch able to take control of the Spice trade from the Portuguese? | The Dutch got along better with local people - they were not as militarily aggressive or intolerant; many Dutch merchants married Asian women |
| What was Malacca? | A trading port in China first controlled by Portugal & then by the Dutch |
| Why was Spain able to take control of the Philippines [with help from Magellan]? | The Filipinos were not united; missionaries also converted many people to the Catholic religion |
| How was the Philippines a part of Spain's east Asian trade? | Spain shipped silver from Mexico & Peru [in South America] to the Philippines in order to buy goods from China |
| What was China's attitude towards European trading goods? | China did not want inferior European goods; so China would only trade its porcelain & silks for gold & silver from Europe |
| How were the British able to conquer India? | 1. Indians were not united - there were many languages; 2. British played off rival princes [Divide & Conquer!]; 3. Europeans had superior weapons |
| What European things were the Chinese interested in? | NOT MUCH! China was only interested in western technology - China thought European goods inferior; China rejected Christianity |
| Matteo Ricci | A Jesuit priest - one of the few Europeans who impressed the Chinese upper class because he bothered to learn the Chinese language & dress Chinese - He introduced them to Renaissance science & art |
| Who were the Manchus? | A non-Chinese dynasty that invaded & took over China - they tried to keep their culture separate, but gained support of the gentry class because they adopted Confuicus ideas about government |
| Qing dynasty | Part of the Manchus, brought economic prosperity to China - introducing new crops from the Americas resulting in population grow |
| Japanese policy toward foreigners | Before 1638, Japan welcomed European merchants & bought guns from them - Christian missionaries found many Japanese converts to Christianity; After 1638 - Japan cut off all trade & contact with foreigners |
| Tokugawa's trade policy | After 1638, the Shogun banned all foreigners from entering Japan & all Japanese from leaving = NO global trade |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy - the king tries to export more goods than his country imports |
| Example of Mercantilsm | Spain & its colonies in Latin America [the new World] |
| God, Gold, Glory | Three reasons why Spain conquered the New World |
