| A | B |
|---|
| Atonic | Without normal muscle tone or strength |
| Atrophy | A wasting away or diminution. Muscle atrophy is a decrease in muscle mass, often due to extended immobility. |
| Arthrocentesis | Aspiration of synovial fluid from joint |
| Arthroplasty | Replacement of both articular surfaces within a joint capsule |
| Arthroscopy | Invasive scope exam of joint (to diagnose, and repair a joint from within) |
| Bursa | An enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid. (knee, shoulder) |
| Callus | The hard new bone substance that forms in an area of bone fracture. Bony callus is part of the bone repair process |
| Cartilage | Protects joint surfaces, helps reduce friction. Seen tip nose and ear. |
| Clonus | Spasm or (jerking) of one muscle or a muscle group and this may remain localized, Or Spasms of skeletal muscles |
| Compartment syndrome | Describes increased pressure within a muscle compartment of the arm or leg, It is most often due to injury that causes bleeding in a muscle, which then causes increased pressure in the muscle. This pressure increase causes nerve damage due to decreased blood supply. Can occur if cast too tight. |
| Contractures | Refer to the permanent tightening of non-bony tissues, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin. The result is a loss of motion in the affected joints. Contractures may be caused by abnormalities of the structures surrounding a joint |
| Crepitus | A clinical sign in medicine that is characterized by a peculiar crackling, crinkly, or grating feeling or sound under the skin, around the lungs, or in the joints. Crepitus in a joint can indicate cartilage wear in the joint space |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of the long bone |
| Epiphysis | End of the each long bone |
| Effusion | Too much fluid, an outpouring of fluid. As in fluid accumulation in a joint. |
| Endosteum | Membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone |
| Fascia | A flat band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues and separates different layers of tissue, it also encloses muscles. |
| Fasciculation | Involuntary contractions or twitchings of groups of muscle fibers. It can occur in normal individuals without an associated disease or condition, or as a result of illness, such as muscle cramps, nerve diseases, and metabolic imbalances. |
| Fibromyalgia | Pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep) |
| Hemiarthroplasty | A surgical procedure for repair of an injured or diseased hip joint involving replacing the head of the femur with prosthesis without reconstruction of the acetabulum, or an Arthroplasty in which one joint surface is replaced with an artificial material, usually metal. |
| Hypertrophy | Enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body due to the increased size of the constituent cells. Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in size of skeletal muscle through an increase in the size of its component cells |
| Isometric | Exercise involving muscular contractions without movement of the involved parts of the body. Isometric exercise is one method of muscular exercise. In contrast, isotonic exercise occurs when a contracting muscle shortens against a constant load, as when lifting a weight. |
| Isotonic | Exercise when a contracting muscle shortens against a constant load, as when lifting a weight. Isotonic exercise is one method of muscular exercise. In contrast, isometric exercise is when muscular contractions occur without movement of the involved parts of the body. |
| Joint | Junction between two or more bones |
| Kyphosis | Curve of the upper back Kyphosis. Or Increased roundness of the thoracic spinal curve (humpback) |
| Ligaments | Fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another that strengthens the joint and helps prevent movement in an undesirable direction. Connects two adjacent bones, helps protect joints and keep them in proper alignment |
| Lordosis | Curve of the lower back, or Exaggeration of the curvature of the lumbar spine. This postural change is not abnormal in the pregnant woman in her later trimesters (swayback). |
| ORIF | Open Reduction and Internal Fixation |
| Ossification | The process of creating bone, that is of transforming cartilage (or fibrous tissue) into bone. The human skeleton initially consists largely of cartilage which is relatively soft and is gradually transformed into hard bone during infant and child development. |
| Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells |
| Osteoclasts | Bone destroying cells |
| Osteoporosis | Disorder that results in loss of bone mass. Or a metabolic disease in which bone demineralization results in decreased density and subsequent fracture |
| Paralysis | The loss or impairment of voluntary muscular power Paralysis can result from either diseases involving changes in the makeup of nervous or muscular tissue or those that are the result of metabolic disturbances that interfere with the function of nerves or muscles |
| Paresthesia | Abnormal sensation such as numbness or tingling |
| Periosteum | Outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue |
| Subluxation | Partial separation of an articular surface. Two bones in a joint stay in contact but alignment is off |
| Tendons | Band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or Cord like structures that attach muscle to bones |
| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature of the spine. Changes in muscles and ligaments on the concave side of the spinal column |
| Tophi | Subcutaneous modules of sodium urate crystals. Can be seen in gout. |
