| A | B |
|---|
| political machine | corrupt political group in the urban areas (cities) that controlled local politics |
| The Gilded Age | time of extravagant wealth and extreme poverty in American cities |
| The Progressive Movement | included workplace reforms like shorter work hours; women's suffrage; temperance movement and Prohibition; mostly during Theodore Roosevelt's presidency |
| railroad barons | wealthy Railroad owners like Cornelius Vanderbilt that controlled the nation's railroads |
| Muckrakers | journalists/newspaper writers that exposed political corruption in society; Upton Sinclair "The Jungle" |
| John D. Rockefeller | one of the Captains of Industry; controlled most of the oil in the United States |
| Jane Addams | started the settlement house, Hull House, for immigrants |
| labor unions | special groups that represented workers/laborers; wanted shorter work hours, better conditions, more pay; sometimes went on strike and stopped production |
| Homestead Strike | the most serious event in US labor history; steelworkers in Pennsylvania refused to work and violently protested and fought security guards |
| tenement | poor, overcrowded buildings in cities; many immigrants lived in them |
| suffrage | having the right to vote; women gained this with the 19th Amendment to the Constitution |
| Theodore Roosevelt | known as the "Bull Moose" president; the "Trustbuster"; settled labor disputes; passed conservation laws for the environment; promised the American people a "Square Deal" |
| Trustbuster | nickname for Teddy Roosevelt; originated from the way he tried to prevent monopolies in the railroad, oil, and steel industries |
| Square Deal | President Roosevelt's plan for the United States; promised equal treatment for all and government regulation of big business |
| Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton | suffragists; women who fought hard to get the 19th Amendment passed |
| Nineteenth Amendment | Constitutional amendment that gave women suffrage; the right to vote |
| American Federation of Labor | One of the first labor unions in the United States |
| Temperance Movement | mostly ran by women; tried to get the 18th Amendment passed that would outlaw the sale and consumption of liquor/alcohol |
| Eighteenth Amendment | also known as the Prohibition Amendment; outlawed the sale, consumption, and transportation of alcohol |
| Booker T. Washington | African-American educator; believed equality could be achieved by vocational education (learning skills like farming and carpentry) |
| W.E.B. DuBois | African-American educator; believed blacks should have full political and social equality; integration; particularly the right to vote |
| Jim Crow | nickname for the system that separated blacks and whites in all public places; separate restaurants, stores, schools, and public transportation |
| American Indians | natives to America that did not get full citizenship until 1924 |
| Americanization | Forcefully making Native Americans forget their traditions, change how they dress, get educated, and live like other Americans |
| Boss Tweed | The head of Tamany Hall; The most famous political boss who was corrupt and controlled politics in the city |
| Ellis Island | Island in NYC where immigrants from Ireland and Eastern Europe came into America; next to the Statue of Liberty |
| Angel Island | Island on the California coast where Asian (Chinese) immigrants came into America |
| urban area | cities and/or metropolitan areas |
| rural area | country and wooded areas |
| urban migration | The early 20th century movement of people to America's cities |
