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| Name the elements contained within Carbohydrates... Lipids? | Both contain- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. |
| Name two examples of a Monosaccharide. | Fructose and Deoxyribose. |
| Name two examples of a Disaccharide. | Sucrose and Lactose |
| What is the general term used for Monomers of a carbohydrate.? Polymers? | Monosacharides./ Polysacharides. |
| What is the 1st choice to "Burn" by your body? | Carbohydrates. |
| What is the 2nd choice to "Burn" by your body?/ 3rd? ... | Lipids./ Proteins. |
| What is the specific name of a structural molecule (build) in Carbohydrates, For Plants and Animals.? | Plants= Cellulose/ Animals= Chitin. |
| What is a specific name for storage molecules in Carbohydrates, For Plants and Animals...? | They are Polysacharides... Animals= Glycogen/ Plants= Starch. |
| The Monomers of Carbohydrates are known as what? What are they collectively known as? | Monossacharides/ Simple Sugars. |
| Name 4 different types of complex Carbohydrates.? | Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin. |
| Name the elements that make up Lipids. | Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. |
| What Macro-molecule contains almost exactly twice as many Hydrogen atoms than Oxygen atoms? | Carbohydrates. |
| What Macro-molecule contains many more Hydrogen atoms than Oxygen atoms? | Lipids. |
| What is the name of a molecule that contains 3 fatty acids bonded to Glycerol.? What Macro-molecule is derived from this? | Triglyceride./ Lipids. |
| What fats are solid at room temperature? Liquid at room temperature? | Saturated Fats./ Unsaturated fats. |
| Name 3 steroid molecules... What Macro-molecule do they fall under? | Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone./ Lipids. |
| What are the 4 levels of protein structure? And simply describe each.. | Primary Structure- a sequence of amino acids., Secondary structure- proteins folding up (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, and random coil)., Tertiary structure- turns into a folded Polypeptide Chain., Quaternary structure- Two or more folded Polypeptide chains (or Tertiary structures) linked together. |
| What are the structural molecules that make up Lipids? Storage Molecules? | Phospholipids/ Triglycerides. |
| What Elements make up Proteins? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. (mainly N) |
| What is the general term for Monomers in Proteins? Polymers? At what priority are Proteins used as an energy source (burned)? | Amino Acids/ Polypeptides or Proteins./ 3rd choice. |
| Whats the specific name of a structural molecule (build) within Proteins? What about Storage molecules within Proteins? | Keratin, Collagen, Insulin, and Hemoglobin./ Ovalbumin or None. |
| Give two examples of Monosacharides./ Polysacharides..? | Monosac- Glucose and Fructose/ Polysac- Glycogen and Cellulose. |
| The Hydrolysis of a Polysaccharide would yield___________. | Monosaccharides (Monomers) |
| The Hydrolysis of a Protein would Yield_________. | Amino Acids. (Monomers) |
| Name an Organic Molecule.. | Carbohydrates |
| What Fatty Acid has one double bond between Carbon atoms? | MonoUnsaturated Fatty Acid |
| What Fatty Acid has No double bond chain between Carbons? | Saturated Fatty Acids |
| What Fatty Acid has 2 or more double bonds of Carbon atoms? | PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids. |
| What makes a Saturated fatty acid saturated? | Each Carbon has a Maximum number of Hydrogen atoms. |
| What is the source of Saturated Fatty Acids?/ UnSaturated Fatty Acids? | Animal Sources/ Plant sources. |
| Name the 6 Functional Proteins, and give an example of each. (Mnemonic) | (Some Cats Don't Treat Rats Correctly)./ Structural Proteins- Keratin, Collagen/ Contractile Proteins- Actin/ Defensive Proteins- Antibodies/ Transport Proteins- Hemoglobin/ Regulatory Proteins- Hormones (Insulin)/ Catalytic Proteins- Enzymes (Lactase). |
| What steroid molecule forms part of the outer membrane of all animal cells and that acts as a precursor for many other steroids? What other Steroids does it produce? | Cholesterol./ Testosterone and Estrogen. |
| What charged lipid molecule is composed of two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group? | Phospholipid. |
| In the Phospholipid Bilayer, the fatty acid tails of the Phospholipid are _____________. | Hydrophobic |
| What part of the Phospholipid is HydroPhillic? And what does this mean? | The Head of the Phospholipid./ It readily bonds with water. |
| Name the 4 classes of Lipids. | Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, and Waxes. |
| What is the name of putting Carbohydrates together? (Building or Carbs) | Dehydration Synthesis. |
| What is the Name used for breaking Carbs apart? | Hydrolysis. |
| What do Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils produce? | Trans-Fats. |
| What is the name of Monomers of Nucleic Acids? Polymers? | Monomers=Nucleotides/ Polymers- Nucleic Acids. |
| What Lipid is composed of a single fatty acid chain linked to a long chain alcohol.? | Wax |
| Each Carbon is NOT with Maximum number of Hydrogen Atoms= _____________. | Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
| What is a large folded chain of Amino Acids? | A Protein. |
| Why is the shape of a proteins structure Crucially important.? | Because there are many different functional categories of Proteins that each one needs to be unique in order to carry out its function. |
| How does pH effect enzyme activation? | In the wrong pH environment an Enzyme's tertiary structure unfolds and loses its ability to carry out a chemical process. |
| Name three functions of DNA. | Mitosis, Meiosis, and Protein Synthesis. |
| What Governs Metabolism? | Proteins. |
| What does mRNA do? | Carries DNA encoded instructions to a Ribosome, where Proteins are built. |
| Name the 4 Nitrogen containing bases. | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. |
| What 3 parts are Nucleotides made up of? | A Phosphate group, A Sugar (Deoxyribose), and ONE of the 4 Main Nitrogen containing bases. |
| What molecule found in many Lipids is composed of a Hydrocarbon chain bonded to a Carboxyl group? | A Fatty Acid. |
| What is created when Triglycerides are broken down? | Glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Name the three types of fatty acids. | Saturated/ MonoUnsaturated/ and PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids. |
| What is the known as the substance that is worked on by an enzyme? | Substrate. |
| What is a set of enzymatically controlled steps that results in the completion of product or process in an organism? | Metabolic pathway. |
| What is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction? | Activation Energy |
| Are Enzymes Catalysts? Why or Why Not? | Yes/ Because they bring about a change in a substrate while retaining their chemical composition. |
| What is the portion of an enzyme that binds with a substrate? | Active Site. |
| ATP stores Energy in the form of ___________. | Chemical bonds between its Phosphate groups. |
| Name the factors that affect the rate of enzyme controlled reactions. | Temperature, pH, Salt concentration, and Enzyme concentration. |
| Why is saying that enzymes are only used for digestive processes too narrow? | Because there is an enzyme called DNA Polymerase that helps Replicate DNA. |
| What is the essential building block of DNA? What is it composed of? | Nucleotides/ Composed of One Phosphate group, One Sugar, and One of the 4 Nitrogen bases. |
| What Enzyme in DNA Replication moves along the double helix, bonding together new Nucleotides in complimentary DNA strands? And also "Edits/Proofreads" for mismatched pairs? | DNA Polymerase. |
| What is the only source of new genetic information? And What occurs? | Point Mutations./ A Mutation of a Single Base Pair in the Genome. |
| What are germ line cells? | Cells that become eggs or sperm. |
| In what cells do Mutations usually occur? | Somatic Cells |
| What is the permanent alteration of a DNA's base sequence? | A Mutation. |
| Going from DNA to RNA is called what? | Transcription |
| Going from RNA to Proteins is called what? | Translation. |
| List three differences between DNA and RNA.... | 1.) DNA uses Thymine (T) and RNA uses Uracil (U)./ 2.) DNA has a Deoxyribose Sugar, RNA has a Ribose sugar./ 3.) DNA has a double Helix, RNA has a single strand. |
| What is the Process that goes from DNA-to-RNA-to-Proteins? | Protein Synthesis. |
| Which two Nucleotides have large bases attached? Small bases? | Adenine and Guanine./ Cytosine and Thymine. |
| Name two Environmental influences that cause mutations within DNA./ Name two Spontaneous Mutations.. | UV Light and Cigarette smoke/ Breathing in "free radical" and DNA Replication makes errors. |
| What is also known as a Base substitution- "A change in DNA sequence of 1 or 2 bases"? | Point Mutation |
| What Makes a Base Insertion and Base Deletion? | A Frame-shift Mutation. |
| What is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into mRNA? | Transcription. |
| What is the process by which information encoded in mRNA is is used to assemble a protein at a Ribosome? | Translation. |
| What "Picks up" Amino Acids and carries them to ribosomes for Protein Synthesis? | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| What does RNA Polymerase do? | It unwinds the DNA sequence and then strings together a series of RNA Nucleotides that is complimentary to the DNA. When complete "Transcription" is complete. |
| How many DNA bases does it take to code for an amino acid? | 3 codons |
| Name the job process of tRNA. | First it "Links" up with Amino Acids floating in the Cytoplasm, then it Transfers these Amino Acids to a Ribosome where it then has its "Anti-Codons" "Link" up with "Codons" of mRNA's Nucleic Acids. |
| Where are Anti-Codons found? | On tRNA |
| What are the information bearing building blocks of DNA? | The 4 Nitrogenous Bases (ATCG) |
| How many DNA bases (Nucleotides) does it take to "code" for an RNA Codon? | 3 |
| What determines the shape of Protein? | The Primary Structure of Amino Acids. (Shape=Function.) |
| Where is the Genetic "Code"? | In the Codon, which is in mRNA! |
| What process moves from Nucleotide sequence to an Amino Acid sequence? | Translation |
| How is Cancer a failure of the cell cycle? | It is a failure because these cells "Fail" to "Limit" their multiplication process within the cell cycle. |
| Can you inherit Cancer? Why? | No., because it is a disease of the genes. |
| Why does it take at least 2 mutations for cancer to develop? | (2 Hit Hypothesis)- Because you need two mutations from the same gene, one from your mom and dad. If you were already born with one mutation then, all you need is 1 more later in life to develop a certain cancer. |
| What are normal genes called? And what happens if they mutate? | Proto Oncogenes/ If Mutates then becomes an "Oncogene"- which is out of control Mitosis. |
| What are "checkpoints"? | Genes that stop mitosis or allow it to continue cell division. If a cell is healthy at the checkpoint then the Gene will allow it to continue. BUT if the Cell is Unhealthy then "Aptosis" (cell suicide) occurs. |
| What is the Tumor Suppressor gene? And what does it do? | p53 (protein 53)- It is the "Master Brake" in cell division/ If you inherit a damaged p53 Gene, then you are highly likely to develop cancer. |
| What are three Treatments for Cancer and give an example of each. And name three "Side effects". | 1.) Surgery. 2.) Radiation- breaks apart chromosomes. 3.) Chemotherapy- Targeting Mitosis./ Hair loss, Digestive problems, and Anemia. |
| What is the difference between "Germ-line Mutations and Sporadic Mutations"? | Germ-line Mutations- Occur early in life/ Sporadic Mutations occur later in life. |
| What is defined as, the use of technology to control biological processes as a means of meeting societal needs. ? | Biotechnology. |
| What is known as an organism whose genome has stably incorporated one or more genes from another species? | A Transgenic Organism. |
| Transgenic Organisms are Organisms with ________________. | Recombinant DNA. |
| What is the term "sticky ends" refer to? | The ability of sticky ends of DNA to "stick" to Complementary DNA sequences. |
| What occur naturally in bacteria, that are used in biotechnology, to cut DNA into Fragments? | Restriction Enzymes. |
| What are extra chromosomal rings of bacterial DNA? | Plasmids. |
| What is defined as two or more segments of DNA that have been combined by humans into a sequence that does not exist in nature...? | Re-Combinant DNA |
| What was Dolly a product of? (2 answers) | Reproductive cloning./ and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. (SCNT)/ BUT NOT A Transgenic Organism. |
| What is known as a procedure to produce adult mammals of a defined genotype? | Reproductive cloning. |
| What is a means of cloning mammals through fusion of one somatic cell with an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed? ("Enucleated cell") | Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. |
| What are cells from the blastocyst stage of a human embryo are capable of giving rise to all the tissues within the adult body? | Inner Cell Mass- "Embryonic Stem Cells". |
| Name a Therapeutic rDNA pharmaceutical./ Name a Non-Therapeutic.. | Insulin/ HGH and EPO |
| Describe the process of using bacteria to produce a useful human protein, like Insulin... | First the Human Gene of interest is cut using a restriction enzyme. Then the same cutting is done for Plasmid. You then Combine these two at their sticky ends and then place the Recombinant Plasmid into the Bacterial cell. |
| What is combining DNA from different species? | Recombinant DNA (rDNA) |
| What is the difference between Reproductive cloning and Therapeutic cloning? | (ALL are produced through SCNT).... Reproductive cloning- allowing the clone to live (Dolly)/ Therapeutic cloning- Does NOT allow for the clone to live, but rather kills it as a "Blastocyst" and extracts its stem cells for further specific cell development. |
| What makes up the cell membrane in Lipids? | Phospholipids |
| In the Phospholipid structure what part of it is Polar? Which means that it is__________. | The Head/ Hydrophilic. |
| What are Polymers of Nucleotides? | Nucleic Acids |
| What is a Polymer of Nucleotides? | DNA |
| What takes place when multiple enzymes are used to make a "substrate" into a specific product. | Metabolic pathway |
| What are Plasmids? | DNA that is found outside of the chromosome. |
