| A | B |
|---|
| acculturation | the process by which a culture is transformed due to the massive adoption of cultural traits from another society |
| assimilation | the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits |
| built environment | the manmade surrounding that provide the setting for human activity |
| creole | a language that began as a pidgin but was later adopted as the mother tongue |
| cultural adaptation | activities that facilitate the process of cultural assimilation |
| cultural attributes | characteristics of quality of patterns of human activities |
| cultural barries | prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas, or practices unacceptable of unadoptable in that particular culture |
| cultural hearth | heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture |
| cultural identity | the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture |
| cultural landscape | visible imprint of human activity on the landscape |
| cultural realm | most highly generalized regions of culture in geography and are best seen on a world map. Ex. Sub-Saharan Africa |
| culture | a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people |
| culture complex | a discrete combination of culture traits |
| culture regions | an area defined by similar culture traits and cultural landscape features |
| culture trait | a single element of normal practice in a culture. EX. wearing of a turban |
| dialect | local or regional characteristics of a language |
| folk culture | small, homogeneous population, typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits |
| Indo-European languages | language family including the Germanic and romance languages that is spoken by about 50% of the world's people |
| isogloss | a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs |
| innovation adaptation | the embracing, accepting and spreading of new ideas and concepts |
| language | a set of sounds, combination of sounds and symbols used for communication |
| lingua franca | common language, a language used among speakers of different languages to facilitate trade and commerce |
| linguistic diversity | the study of language diversity or differences |
| maladaptive diffusion | the spatial spreading of an innovation in to an area where it is not appropriate |
| material culture | the things humans construct such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and food |
| nonmaterial culture | beliefs, practices, aesthetics and value of a group of people, non-tangible things constructed by humans |
| official language | in multilingual countries, the language selected often by the educated or politically powerful to promote internal cohesion |
| pidgin | when parts of 2 of more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary |
| popular culture | large, heterogeneous populations, typically urban and quickly changing cultural traits |
| toponomy | study of place names |
| traditional architecture | the opposite of modern architecture, denoting continuity and historical association |
| animism | beliefs that elements of the natural landscape possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on earth |
| buddhism | founded in sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, splintered from hinduism |
| cargo cult pilgrimmage | the search of the Cargo cults for the manufactured western goods ('cargo') that they believe have been created by ancestral spirits and intended for Melanesian people. White people have unfairly gained control of these objects |
| christianity | religion based on the teachings of Jesus |
| Confucianism | a philosophy of ethics, education and service based on the writings of Confucius, a core of Chinese culture |
| ethnic religion | a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people, they do not seek converts |
| fundamentalism | the strict adherence to a particular doctrine |
| hajj | Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca |
| hinduism | one of the oldest religions in the world, originated in the Indus Valley, does not have a single philosophy or founder |
| interfaith boundaries | boundaries between the world's major faiths |
| islam | youngest of the world's major religions, teaching of Muhammad |
| Jainism | one of the oldest religions in the modern world. Beliefs include the eternal soul, jiva, all humans are responsible for their own actions with an emphasis on non-violence and self control, equality of life, and education |
| Judaism | monotheistic religion, roots in the teachings of Abraham |
| landcapes of the dead | built environment for the purpose of honoring the deceased |
| Mormonism | a religion, movement, ideology, and subculture that originated in the early 1800s as a product of the Latter Day Saint movement led principally by Joseph Smith Jr. |
| reincarnation | spiritual belief that the soul survives death to be "reborn" in a new form |
| religion | a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived perceived ultimate priorities |
| religious architectural styles | building used for religious purpose, some conformity throughout major religions |
| religious culture hearth | where a religion began |
| religious toponym | names that reflect religion |
| sacred space | place or space that people infuse with religious meaning |
| secularism | the idea that ethnic and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable life |
| shamanism | community faith in traditional society where people follow their religious leader (shaman), mostly localized |
| sharia law | system of Islamic law based on interpretation of the Koran |
| Shia | a branch of the Islamic faith representing the Persian (Iranian) variation; believes in the infallibility and divine right of authority |
| shintoism | religion located in japan and related to buddhism |
| sikhism | small compromise religion that arose from the confrontation between Hinduism and Islam |
| Sunni | orthodox or traditional branch of Islam |
| taoism | founded by Lao-tzu focuses on the proper forms of political rule and oneness of humanity and nature |
| theocracy | a state whose government is under control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided |
| universalizing | espouses the idea that there is one true religion and it is universal in scope |
| zoroastrianism | monotheistic religion that developed around 3500 yrs ago; some believe current monotheistic religions can be traced to this religion |
| adaptive strategy | a behavior, strategy, of technique for obtaining food and surviving in a particular environment |
| barrio | spanish word for neighborhood |
| cultural shatterbelt | areas where boundaries have been continually redrawn due to conflict between cultures |
| dowry death | disputes over the price to be paid in dowry to the groom's family, has sometimes resulted in the death of the birde |
| enfranchisement | to admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of suffrage |
| ethnic cleansing | the systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide |
| ethnic conflict | a disagreement between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism |
| ethnic enclave | a neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area |
| ethnic group | a group of people considered to be significantly different from others in terms of cultural (religion, dialect, traditions, etc.) and sometimes physical characteristics (skin color, body shape, etc.) |
| ethnic homeland | place of origin of an ethnic group |
| ethnic landscape | the presence of ethnic influences in the cultural landscape is revealed via signatures of the ethnic groups |
| ethnic neighborhood | a world apart within a major city. Ex. chinatown |
| ethnicity | refers to a group of people who share a common identity |
| ethnocentrism | tendency to evaluate other cultures against the standards of one's own culture |
| gender gap | inequities between men and women |
| ghetto | forced or voluntary segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic or religious minority;a segregated ethnic area within a city |
| infanticide | the killing of children |
| longevity gap | difference between the average lifespan of men and women |
| maternal mortality rate | rate of deaths of women in relation to a pregnancy |
| plural society | a society combining ethnic contrasts |
| race | a characterization of humans based on skin color or physical characteristics |
| segregation | a measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are not uniformly distributed among the total population |
| social distance | describes the perceptual distance between different groups of society and is opposed to locational distance |
