| A | B |
| Refutation | The act of refuting a statement |
| Evidence | The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid |
| Claim | state or assert that something is the case typically without providing evidence or proof |
| Warrant | authorization |
| Implication | the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly stated. |
| logical reasoning | the process of using a rational |
| fallacies | a mistaken belief especially one based on unsound argument. |
| Correlation | a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things |
| Causation | the action of one thing be the cause of something else |
| Induction | makes broad generalizations from specific observations |
| deduction | the inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle. |