| A | B |
|---|
| Absorption | "the act of soaking up or absorbing" |
| Acceleration | "the act or process of accelerating or increasing speed" |
| Aerobic respiration | "a form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen in order to generate energy" |
| Agents of weathering | "the physical and chemical effects of weather on rock surfaces such as wind, water, ice and plant roots" |
| Agitation | "the act or process of disturbing or stirring up" |
| Air masses | "a body of air that covers a wide area and has little horizontal variation in temperature, pressure, or moisture" |
| Analysis | "a careful study of the parts of something in order to understand more about the whole" |
| Approximate | "almost exact; close to what is needed or expected" |
| Asexual reproduction | "the process of reproducing with only one parent" |
| Atmosphere | "the gases surrounding the earth or another planet" |
| Atoms | "the smallest possible unit of a chemical element; the major parts of atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons; they are the basis of all matter in the universe" |
| Axis | "a real or imaginary line through the center of an object, around which the object turns" |
| Balanced forces | "a force that is equal on both sides" |
| Biomes | "a biome is a large ecosystem where plants, animals, insects, and people live in a certain type of climate" |
| Biosphere | "the part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms can exist" |
| Boiling point | "the temperature at which a liquid starts to boil (100 degrees Celsius and 212 degrees Fahrenheit)" |
| Brightness | "the quality, state, or condition of being bright" |
| Carbon cycles | "the carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the earth; all living things are made of carbon; carbon is also a part of the ocean, air, and even rocks" |
| Carnivores | "a meat eating organism" |
| Carrying capacity | "for a given region, carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species that an area's resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources" |
| Cell division | "the process of cells reproducing through mitosis or meiosis" |
| Cells | "the basic unit of all life" |
| Charts | "a tool to organize information" |
| Chemical bonds | "an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms" |
| Chemical energy | "the potential energy of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical substances; examples include batteries and light bulbs and cells etc." |
| Chemical equation | "the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side" |
| Chemical reactions | " the change of a substance into a new one that has a different chemical identity; a chemical reaction is usually accompanied by easily observed physical effects, such as the emission of heat and light, the formation of a precipitate, the evolution of gas, or a color change" |
| Chemical weathering | "takes place in almost all types of rocks; chemical reactions break down the bonds holding the rocks together, causing them to fall apart, forming smaller and smaller pieces; chemical weathering is much more common in locations where there is a lot of water; this is because water is important to many of the chemical reactions that can take place" |
| Chromosomes | "a part found in the cells of all plants and animals; chromosomes contain genes which pass on physical characteristics from parent to offspring" |
| Circuits | "a line or route around an area" |
| Circulatory system | "a system in the body made up of the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymph vessels that carry blood and lymph around the body" |
| Climate | "an average of yearly weather" |
| Climatic conditions | "factors that influence climate" |
| Coastal | "areas on the coastline" |
| Coastal erosion | "the weathering away of the coastline " |
| Collect | "to gather together" |
| Commensalism | "an association between two organisms in which one benefits" |
| Communicable disease | "an illness capable of being spread or passed on" |
| Communities | "a particular area where a group of people live" |
| Compare and contrast | "to describe the likes and differences of something" |
| Components | "the parts of something" |
| Components of soil | "soil is made up of an extensive variety of substances, minerals and rocks; these substances can be categorized into four main groups: these groups are organic materials, inorganic materials, air and water" |
| Composition | "the makeup of something" |
| Composition of solar system | "the solar system is the assembly formed by the sun, eight planets (Mercury, Venus, earth, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune), their moons, and other minor planets" |
| Conclusions | "an ending or outcome of something" |
| Condensation | "when a gas turns into a liquid" |
| Conduction | "the transmission or transfer, as of heat, electrical charges, or nervous impulses, through a medium" |
| Conductivity | "the capacity for or property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, or sound" |
| Construct | "to build or put together" |
| Constructive forces | "constructive forces are processes that help build up the Earth, either by depositing soil or silt in a river, or by volcanoes and lava flows that generates new land" |
| Continental drift | "the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time" |
| Continental topography | "the structure of landforms in an area" |
| Controls or control group | "A control group in a scientific experiment is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results; this isolates the independent variable's effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternate explanations of the experimental results." |
| Convection | "the movement or transfer of heat" |
| Convection currents | "the natural rising of the heated parts and sinking of the cooled parts" |
| Creation of sea breezes | "A sea breeze (or onshore breeze) is a cool breeze that develops over land near coasts. It is formed by increasing temperature differences between the land and water. These create a pressure minimum over the land due to its relative warmth, and force higher pressure, cooler air from the sea to move inland." |
| Critique | "a written evaluation" |
| Cross-cutting relationships | "originally developed by James Hutton in theory of the earth (1795) and embellished upon by Charles Lyell in principles of geology (1830), the principle of cross-cutting relationships states that the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features" |
| Crust | "the upper most part of the mantle" |
| Data collection | "gathering information" |
| Data set | "a collection of data " |
| Deceleration | "to lower the speed of; decrease in velocity; slow down" |
| Decomposers | "an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate that decomposes organic material" |
| Decrease | "to lessen" |
| Density | "the state or condition of having parts very close together with little space between" |
| Dependent variable | "A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable." |
| Description | "the act of using words to tell others what something is or was like" |
| Design | "to make or draw plans for the structure or form of" |
| Destructives forces | "destructive forces are processes that break down the earth, either through the violent actions of volcanoes and earthquakes or by the steady flow of a river" |
| Digestive system | "the parts of the body that work together to break down food so that it can be used by the body as energy; the human digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines" |
| Distance-time line graph | "a line graph that indicates where an object was at a particular time" |
| DNA fingerprinting | "the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals" |
| Earth | "the third planet from the sun" |
| Earth systems | "earth system science seeks to integrate various fields of academic study to understand the earth as a system; it considers interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (geosphere), and biosphere" |
| Earth’s atmosphere | "the atmosphere of earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet earth that is retained by earth's gravity" |
| Earthquakes | "a shaking or other movement of part of the earth's surface; it is caused by movement deep within the earth; earthquakes can cause the ground to split" |
| Eclipses | "the blocking from view of the sun, a moon, or a planet by another heavenly body; in an eclipse of the sun, the sun is hidden from earth's view by the moon passing between the sun and the earth" |
| Ecosystem | "a community of living things, together with their environment" |
| Effects | "something produced by a cause" |
| Effects of gravity | "a push or pull to the center of earth" |
| El Nino | "an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December" |
| Electrical energy | "the energy carried by moving electrons in an electric conductor; it cannot be seen, but it is one of our most useful forms of energy because it is relatively easy to transmit and use" |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | "the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends" |
| Electrons | "a very small particle that moves outside the nucleus of an atom; electrons have a negative charge" |
| Element | "an element is a pure substance that is made from a single type of atom; elements are the building blocks for all the rest of the matter in the world; examples of elements include iron, oxygen, hydrogen, gold, and helium" |
| Empirical | "based on or verifiable by experience or experiment, rather than on or by theory" |
| Energy | "the power or ability to make something work or be active" |
| Energy flow | "in ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain " |
| Environment | "the things and conditions that are all around one; ones surroundings" |
| Equipment | "items used during an experiment" |
| Erosion | "wearing away of the earth's surface" |
| Ethical treatment | "being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice" |
| Evaporation | "when a liquid converts to a gas" |
| Events | "an activity" |
| Exosphere | "the outer most layer of earth’s atmosphere" |
| Experimental design | "the process of planning a study to meet specified objectives; planning an experiment" |
| Experimental results | "the conclusion of an experiment" |
| Explanation | "the outcome" |
| Faulting | "a fault is a crack in the earth's crust; typically, faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries between earth's tectonic plates; in an active fault, the pieces of the earth's crust along a fault move over time; the moving rocks can cause earthquakes" |
| Flaws | "a fault or defect" |
| Folding | "folds are bends in rock that form when compression shortens and thickens part of earth's crust; a fold can be only a few centimeters across or hundreds of kilometers wide" |
| Food webs | "the interlocking food chains within an ecological community" |
| Force | "a power, energy, or physical strength" |
| Force of gravity | "a push or pull to the center of the earth" |
| Forms of energy | "just like there are different forms of electricity, there are different types of energy too; The two main types of energy are: •Kinetic Energy & •Potential Energy" |
| Fossil evidence | "fossils found such as trace fossils, imprints, molds or casts" |
| Fossils | "the remains or trace of a living animal or plant from a long time ago; fossils are found embedded in earth or rock" |
| Freezing point | "the temperature at which a given liquid freezes (zero degrees Celsius and 32 degrees Fahrenheit)" |
| Functions | "the activities of an organism " |
| Genes | "the tiny section of a chromosome; a gene causes a particular characteristic, such as eye color or hair color, to be passed on from parent to offspring" |
| Genetic disorders | "a genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA; abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes" |
| Genotype | "the genetic makeup of a living creature" |
| Geographic information | "the description of a given area" |
| Geologic eras | "a geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an eon into smaller units of time" |
| Geologic maps | "a geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features; rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface" |
| Geological principles | "Beginning in the 1600's, with a renaissance in scientific investigation, early geologists began to investigate the rock layers that were evident on the land. Their early observations eventually proved to hold true and were described as Principles. Four of these Principles are important in the understanding of the Geologic Time Chart: Law of Superposition, Law of Crosscutting Relationships, Law of Inclusions and Law of Faunal Succession." |
| Global wind patterns | "The region of Earth receiving the Sun's direct rays is the equator. Here, air is heated and rises, leaving low pressure areas behind. Moving to about thirty degrees north and south of the equator, the warm air from the equator begins to cool and sink." |
| Graphs | "a diagram that shows a relationship between two or more changing things by lines, bars, dots, or portions of a circle" |
| Gravitational attraction | "the force that pulls planets, stars, or particles toward one another" |
| Gravity | "a push or a pull towards the center of the earth caused by the bend in space that any mass creates" |
| Ground cover | "the low-growing, spreading plants that help to stop weeds from growing" |
| Habitat | "the natural environment of an animal or plant" |
| Habitat destruction | "Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present. In this process, the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity." |
| Half-life | "in physics, the time required for disintegration of half the atoms in a given quantity of radioactive material" |
| Heat transfer | "a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems" |
| Herbivores | "plant eating organisms" |
| Heredity | "the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring" |
| Hertzberg-Russell diagram | "The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram is a tool that shows relationships and differences between stars." |
| Historical data | "information about the past" |
| Horizontality | "being parallel to the surface of the earth or to the horizon" |
| Human activities | "functions of humans" |
| Hurricanes | "a powerful storm with heavy rains and winds that blow in a circle at 73 miles per hour or more; hurricanes usually form in the west Indian region of the Atlantic ocean" |
| Hydrosphere | "all the water in the earth’s system" |
| Hypothesis | "an educated guess" |
| Igneous | "having solidified from lava or magma; relating to or involving volcanic processes" |
| Igneous rock | "rock created by lava or magma" |
| Illustrate | "to create a drawing" |
| Immunization | "to make immune" |
| Increase | "to make greater or larger; to add to" |
| Independent variable | "a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does not depend on that of another" |
| Indications | "anything that indicates, such as a sign" |
| Inferences | "a conclusion derived from an observation" |
| Infiltration | "to pass through or subject to a filter; during the water cycle water infiltrates, goes through the ground, to become ground water" |
| Inner core | "the inner core is the very center of the earth, and the hottest part of the planet" |
| Input | "information that is put into a computer" |
| Inquiry | "a process of looking for truth or correct information" |
| Interactions | "how organisms relate to one another" |
| Interpret | "to understand" |
| Investigation | "to examine a hypothesis" |
| Ions | "an atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge" |
| Jet steams | "a narrow band of strong, fast wind several miles above the earth's surface; the jet stream usually flows from west to east" |
| Kinetic energy | "energy in motion" |
| La Nina | "a cooling of the water in the equatorial Pacific that occurs at irregular intervals and is associated with widespread changes in weather patterns complementary to those of El Niño, but less extensive and damaging in their effects" |
| Laboratory research | "also called clinical trials, research in which the researcher seeks to control conditions and variables to determine whether a clinical intervention produced the desired effects or if other factors were responsible for the desired effects" |
| Layers of Earth’s atmosphere | ""From highest to lowest, these layers are: Exosphere: >700 km (>440 miles), Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)[6], Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles), Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles), Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)[7] |
| Life cycle | "the sequence of changes that a living thing goes through as it grows and develops: birth, growth, reproduction, aging, and death are all stages in the life cycle of an animal" |
| Life cycle of a star | "stellar evolution is the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime" |
| Limitations | "something that confines or restricts" |
| Limiting factors | "limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger" |
| Lithospheric plates | "the rigid outer shell of the earth is called the lithosphere; the lithosphere is broken into a series of moving plates" |
| Logical conclusion | "Logical consequence is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic. It is the relationship between statements that holds true when one logically "follows from" one or more others. " |
| Lunar eclipse | "the obscuring of the moons reflected light by the earth's shadow when the earth passes between the moon and the sun" |
| Magnetic energy | "magnetic energy and electric energy are related by Maxwell’s equations" |
| Magnetic field | "the space around a magnet in which a magnetic force is active" |
| Magnetism | "the power of a magnet to attract" |
| Magnets | "an object that has the power to pull items made of iron toward itself" |
| Major landforms | "A landform is a feature on the Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins." |
| Major sources of pollution | "Ozone, Particulate Matter, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, Lead" |
| Malleability | "capable of being shaped, as by hammering or rolling" |
| Mantle | "the interior of earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers; the mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core; earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 mi) thick that constitutes about 84% of earth's volume" |
| Mass | "a large amount or number" |
| Matter | "all substances that contain atoms and take up space" |
| Mean | "the average of a sum of numbers" |
| Mechanical (physical) weathering | "collision between rock surfaces can cause mechanical weathering" |
| Mechanical energy | "in the physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy; it is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object" |
| Median | "the middle value in a series of numbers" |
| Meiosis | "the division of sex cells" |
| Mesosphere | "the earth's atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere, or from twenty miles to fifty miles above the earth's surface" |
| Metamorphic rock | "formed from other rocks that are changed because of heat or pressure" |
| Meteors | "a piece of matter traveling through space; upon entering a planet's atmosphere, a meteor can be seen as a bright streak in the sky and is called a meteorite or shooting star" |
| Mineral specimens | "examples of minerals" |
| Minerals | "a substance formed in the earth that is not of an animal or a plant" |
| Misinterpret | "to give an inaccurate explanation of something" |
| Mitosis | "the division of cells" |
| Mode | "the mode is the number repeated most often" |
| Models | "an example that should be copied or an ideal that others are compared to" |
| Modification | "the act of modifying, or the condition of being modified" |
| Molecules | "the smallest unit of a substance that has all the properties of that substance; a molecule is made up of a single atom or group of atoms" |
| Moon | "The earth's natural satellite. It revolves around the earth from west to east in about 28 days. The moon joins the earth in its orbit around the sun. The moon does not give off light. Instead, its shine comes from the light it reflects from the sun." |
| Moon characteristics | "The moon is the easiest celestial object to find in the night sky — when it's there. Moon phases and the moon's orbit are a mystery to many. Because it takes 27.3 days both to rotate on its axis and to orbit Earth, the moon always shows us the same face. We see the moon because of reflected sunlight. How much of it we see depends on its position in relation to Earth and the Sun." |
| Motion of electricity | "the flow of electricity is an electrical current" |
| Motions | "any movement of an object" |
| Mountain building | "These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the earth's crust (plate tectonics). Mountain formation is related to plate tectonics. Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism are all parts of the organic process of mountain building." |
| Multiple trials | "to repeat an experiment to make the results reliable" |
| Muscle cell | "Muscle tissues are derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells in a process known as myogenesis. There are three types of muscle, skeletal or striated, cardiac, and smooth." |
| Muscular system | "The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body." |
| Mutualism | "the mutual dependence of one another" |
| Natural cycles | "when things happen over and over again, we call it a cycle" |
| Natural disasters | "a disaster, such as an earthquake, flood, or volcanic eruption, that is caused by natural rather than human force which destroys life and property" |
| Natural events | "Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage property." |
| Natural processes | "the original order in which something was processed" |
| Natural resources | "materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain" |
| Negative acceleration | "to decrease in speed" |
| Negative charges | "Negatively charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to positive. An object will be negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and will otherwise be positively charged or uncharged." |
| Nervous system | "the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body" |
| Neutrons | "a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen" |
| Newton’s laws of gravity | "explains the laws of motions" |
| Niche | "something’s roll in its community" |
| Nitrogen cycles | "the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are recycled in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition" |
| Non-communicable diseases | "Illnesses that are not contagious to one another" |
| Nonnative species | "a species living outside its native range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental" |
| Nonrenewable | "of or pertaining to a natural resource that, once it has been used, is not replaceable." |
| Observation | "the act or an instance of perceiving the environment through one of the senses." |
| Observe | "to use your senses to perceive an activity" |
| Ocean floor spreading | "Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics." |
| Ocean floor topography | "the description of the ocean floor" |
| Optimal health | "the most desirable condition of one’s body" |
| Orbit | "the curved path in which a planet, satellite, or spacecraft moves in a circle around another body" |
| Organelles | "a discrete structure within a cell, such as a nucleus, that has a specialized, organ like function" |
| Organic materials | "material that comes from living things" |
| Organic processes | "a process occurring in living organisms" |
| Organism | "an individual living thing, such as a plant, an animal, or a bacteria" |
| Organs | "a part of plants or animals that performs a particular task; the heart, the lungs, the skin, and the eyes are all organs of animals" |
| Outer core | "Earth's outer core is a liquid layer about 2,266 km (1,408 mi) thick composed of iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle." |
| Output | "the amount produced in a given time period" |
| Parasitism | "the relationship between a parasite and its host, involving benefit to the parasite and harm to the host" |
| Particles | "a tiny amount or small piece; speck; trace" |
| Patterns in data | "a trend in a conclusion" |
| Periodic table | "a table that illustrates the periodic system of the chemical elements, classified according to atomic number" |
| Phases of the Moon | "The revolution of the Moon around the Earth makes the Moon appear as if it is changing shape in the sky. From Earth we see the Moon grow from a thin crescent to a full disk (or full moon) and then shrink back to a thin crescent again before vanishing for a few days." |
| Phenotype | "the observable traits of an individual or group, esp. as a function of genetic composition and environment" |
| Photosynthesis | "the process by which a green plant uses sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into food for itself" |
| Physical characteristics | "physical characteristics are defining traits or features about organisms" |
| Physical properties | "A physical property is any property that is measurable whose value describes a state of a physical system; the changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its transformations or evolutions between its momentary states." |
| Plains | "a large area of flat land with few trees" |
| Planets characteristics | "planets can be gas or solid, inner or outer planets" |
| Plant tissue | "a group of cells in a plant" |
| Plate tectonics | "A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest." |
| Plate tectonics theory | "The theory of plate tectonics states that the plates of the earth move due to convection in the mantle. This is what brings continents together and apart." |
| Plateaus | "an area of relatively level high ground" |
| Point and non-point source | "Point Source pollution comes from a particular cause. Non-point source pollution is from a variety of causes." |
| Pollution/pollutant | "an act or instance of polluting; substances such as poisons, wastes, or other materials that pollute" |
| Populations | "the people who live in an area, considered as a group" |
| Potential energy | "energy that is stored" |
| Precipitation | "the act of water falling in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail" |
| Predict/prediction | "to tell in advance that something will happen" |
| Preventative measures | "taking a precaution so an action does not happen" |
| Prism | "a solid glass or crystal object that light can pass through; it has three sides that are rectangles and two ends shaped like triangles; a prism splits a ray of light into the colors of the rainbow" |
| Processes | "the steps or procedure of an activity" |
| Producers | "an organism that makes its own food" |
| Products | "an end to a procedure" |
| Properties of minerals | "hardness , streak , color, cleavage, luster, specific gravity " |
| Protons | "a positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom" |
| Proximity of water | "The proximity of water affects climate in important ways. The proximity of oceans or large lakes plays a role in the heating and cooling of the surround land, as well as the transfer of heat around the world." |
| Punnett square | "The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment." |
| Quantitative data | "quantitative data is data that can be measured numerically; things that can be measured precisely" |
| Radiant energy | "energy transmitted by waves, such as electromagnetic radiation or heat" |
| Radiation | "the waves of energy sent out by sources of heat or light, or by radioactive material" |
| Range | "the two points or limits between which something can vary, or the distance between the limits" |
| Rate of chemical reactions | "the reaction rate (rate of reaction) or speed of reaction for a reactant or product in a particular reaction is naturally defined as how fast or slow a reaction takes place" |
| Rate of water movement | "the speed at which water condenses or evaporates" |
| Reactants | "a component that is changed in a chemical reaction" |
| Recommendations | "the act or process of recommending or giving advice" |
| Record | "to write or document an activity" |
| Red blood cell | "Red blood cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system." |
| Refraction | "the bending of rays or waves of light, heat, sound, or the like when passed obliquely from one medium to another with a different rate of transmission" |
| Relative position | "a point defined with reference to another position, either fixed or moving; the coordinates of such a point are usually bearing, true or relative, and distance from an identified reference point" |
| Renewable | "a material that is able to be revived, regenerated, or restored to an original state or condition" |
| Report data | "to declare information to the scientific community" |
| Reproduction | "the process of reproducing or being reproduced" |
| Respiratory system | "the system that brings oxygen to the body; it is made up of the lungs, diaphragm, windpipe, and nasal passages" |
| Revolution | "the action of turning or spinning on an axis" |
| Revolution of Earth | "the time it takes earth to go around its axis and around the sun; the earth revolves around the sun once every 365.25 days(that's why we have leap years)" |
| Revolves | "to turn or spin in place" |
| River systems | "Every river is part of a larger system—a watershed, which is the land drained by a river and its tributaries. Rivers are large natural streams of water flowing in channels and emptying into larger bodies of water." |
| Rock cycle | "The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock." |
| Rock layers | "One evidence of rock layers—specifically, what is called the geologic column. Basically, scientists have learned that rocks are stacked in layers containing fossils with the oldest fossils at the deepest layers, and the youngest, or most recent fossils, near the top." |
| Rock specimens | "a variety of rocks to be examined" |
| Rock strata | "In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers." |
| Role | "the particular part an organism plays in the community" |
| Rotates | "to cause to turn around on an axis" |
| Rotation | "the act of turning on or around an axis" |
| Rotation of Earth | "Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours equaling one day." |
| Safety procedures | "safety procedures are designed to prevent accidents, and must be followed to the letter" |
| Scale model | "a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object being represented; Very often the scale model is smaller than the original and used as a guide to making the object in full size" |
| Scavengers | "an animal that finds and eats dead animals or rotting plants; a person who finds things that others no longer want" |
| Scientific | "having to do with science" |
| Scientific investigation | "Scientific investigation is the way in which scientists and researchers use a systematic approach to answer questions about the world around us." |
| Scientific theories | "A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method, and repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation." |
| Sea-floor spreading | "a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge; Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics." |
| Seasonal changes | "when one season, (summer winter, fall or spring), changes into another" |
| Seasons | "one of the four parts of the year; spring, summer, fall, and winter" |
| Sedimentary | "rocks that are formed from broken down sediments" |
| Sedimentary rock | "rocks that are formed from broken down sediments" |
| Sexual reproduction | "the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types" |
| Significance of data | "the importance of given information" |
| Skeletal system | "the inner framework of bones and cartilage in vertebrate animals; skeletons support the body and protect softer body parts" |
| Skepticism | "the distrust or disbelief, or a general tendency to doubt and question" |
| Skin cell | "The lowest part of the epidermis is called the basal layer, and the keratinocytes here are called basal cells. These cells constantly divide to form new keratinocytes to replace the ones that wear off the skin's surface." |
| Society | "the members of a community or group considered together" |
| Soil compatibility | "Not all soil is capable of nourishing vegetation." |
| Soil erosion | "Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil." |
| Soil formation | "Parent material is the starting point for most soil development. The parent material may be mineral rock and/or organic matter. When parent rock material is exposed to the atmosphere or when organic matter and/or minerals are deposited on the earth's surface, soil formation begins." |
| Soil layers | "Soil is made up of distinct layers, called horizons. Each layer has its own characteristics that make it different from all of the other layers. These characteristics play a very important role in what the soil is used for and why it is important." |
| Solar eclipse | "an eclipse of the sun, when, at a particular observation point, light from the sun is blocked by the interposition of the moon" |
| Solar system | "a system that includes a star and all of the matter which orbits that star, including planets and their moons" |
| Solubility | "a substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent under given conditions" |
| Source of energy | "different types of power" |
| Space exploration | "investigation of our solar system and beyond" |
| Species | "a group of living things that can mate with one another but not with those of other groups" |
| Stage of the Sun | "The Sun is about halfway through its main-sequence stage, during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium." |
| Star characteristics | "A star is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity." |
| State of matter | "A state of matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma." |
| Statistical methods | "a method of analyzing or representing statistical data; a procedure for calculating a statistic" |
| Stratosphere | "a layer of the earth's upper atmosphere from about six miles to about thirty miles above the earth's surface" |
| Structure of Earth | "The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an onion. These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their rheological properties. Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core." |
| Structures | "made up of a number of parts joined together in a certain way" |
| Sublimation | "when a solid turns into a gas without the process of melting; an example would be dry ice" |
| Sun | "The star in the middle of our solar system. The earth and other planets revolve around it and receive heat and light from it." |
| Sun characteristics | "The Sun is actually a medium size, and even smallish star. The size of the Sun is changing. In the future when it runs out of usable hydrogen fuel in the core, it will become a red giant as well. " |
| Superposition | "to lay or place above or upon something else" |
| Sustainability | "a method of managing or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged" |
| Symbiosis | "a mutually beneficial relationship between two dissimilar organisms" |
| Symbols | "an object or picture that represents something else" |
| Symptoms | "something that happens in the body suggesting that there is a disease or disorder" |
| Systems | "a group of related things or parts that work together as a whole" |
| Tables | "an organized display of information laid out in rows and columns" |
| Technological advances | "how technology influences human society" |
| Technological research | "Technology research and development refers to the invention, design, improvement, and construction of new types of products, equipment, and machinery." |
| Technology | "a field of knowledge having to do with the practical applications of science and industry, or the inventions and methods of solving problems that are produced through research in these areas" |
| Tectonic plates | "any of the several segments of the earth's crust that move in relation to one another causing such phenomena as continental drift and volcanic eruptions" |
| Temperature | "the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as expressed according to a comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch" |
| Testable questions | "A testable question means that when you have an experiment that you want to ask a question about then you can be able to test your hypothesis and get a result." |
| Theory | "a reasonable, widely accepted explanation for why something happens" |
| Thermal energy | "refers to the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium by virtue of its temperature" |
| Tides | "the change in the height of the surface of oceans and other large bodies of water that happens about every twelve hours; tides are caused by the pull of the moon and sun" |
| Tilt of Earth | "The Earth is tilted by 23.5 degrees, which means that sometimes the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and sometimes it is tilted away from the Sun. This tilt of a planet is what gives us seasons." |
| Tissues | "a group of cells in an animal or plant body that are like each other and do similar things" |
| Tools | "an instrument that is usually held with the hands, such as a hammer or drill; tools are used for doing work" |
| Topographic maps | "a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, using contour lines" |
| Topsoil | "the soil on the surface of land, valued for its relative richness and ease of cultivation" |
| Transformed | "to change the form, look, or shape of" |
| Transmission of light | "the process in which light travels through a medium without being absorbed or scattered" |
| Transpiration | " the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves" |
| Transport mechanisms | "how the data gets delivered" |
| Treatments | "giving medicine or using other ways to help cure a disease or heal an injury" |
| Troposphere | "the innermost layer of the atmosphere, up to six to twelve miles above the earth's surface, in which clouds and other weather conditions occur" |
| Tsunamis | "a very large, often destructive sea wave caused by a marine earthquake or volcanic explosion" |
| Types of energy | "Forms of Energy: Motion, Heat, Light, Sound. Energy comes in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Potential Energy is any type of stored energy; it isn't shown through movement. Potential energy can be chemical, nuclear, gravitational, or mechanical." |
| Types of weathering | "Weathering causes the disintegration of rock near the surface of the earth. Plant and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major causes of weathering. Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice. There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical." |
| Unbalanced forces | "forces that cause a change in the motion of an object" |
| Unequal heating | "because of the earth’s tilt the sun heats the earth’s surface unequally" |
| Universe | "all matter and energy; all existing things" |
| Upper mantle | "The thin outermost shell of the upper mantle is similar to the crust, though cooler and more rigid. Together with the crust, this layer is called the Earth's lithosphere. Asthenosphere." |
| Urinary system | "The Urinary System is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. The substances are filtered out from the body in the form of urine. Urine is a liquid produced by the kidneys, collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra." |
| Valence electrons to bonding | "A valence electron is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair." |
| Valid conclusion | "An argument is valid if and only if its conclusion is logically entailed by its premises. A formula is valid if and only if it is true under every interpretation" |
| Variables | "something that can change or that has no fixed value" |
| Variables controlled in designing an experiment | "An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and controlled. The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist." |
| Visible light spectrum | "The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can be detected by) the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light." |
| Volcanic action/eruptions | "There are many different types of volcanic eruptions and associated activity: phreatic eruptions (steam-generated eruptions), explosive eruption of high-silica lava (e.g., rhyolite), effusive eruption of low-silica lava (e.g., basalt), pyroclastic flows, lahars (debris flow) and carbon dioxide emission." |
| Volcano | "an opening in the earth's crust through which melted rock, ash, and gases are forced out" |
| Volume | "the size of a three-dimensional space enclosed within or occupied by an object" |
| Water cycle | "the process by which water on the earth evaporates, then condenses in the atmosphere, and then returns to earth in the form of precipitation" |
| Wavelengths | "the distance between two points in the progression of a wave, esp. of sound, electromagnetism, or the like" |
| Weather data | "information about upcoming weather" |
| Weather events | "an activity caused by the surrounding weather" |
| Weather map | "a chart or map showing weather conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time" |
| Weather patterns | "Climate is not the same as weather, but rather, it is the average pattern of weather for a particular region. Weather describes the short-term state of the atmosphere." |
| Weathering | "the physical and chemical effects of weather on rock surfaces" |
| Weathering agents | "Some agents of weathering are heat from the sun, plant and animal activity, freeze-thaw cycles, abrasion from windblown ice or water carried material, chemical weathering from acidic solutions such as acidic rain, and hydrolysis. The four main weathers agents are wind, ice, gravity, and water." |
| White blood cell | "White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders." |
