| A | B |
|---|
| biomass | total weight of living matter at each trophic level |
| trophic level | represented by each step on the food chain |
| autotrophs | producers;organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy rich compounds |
| heterotrophs | consumers;organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms |
| niche | all the strategies and adaptation a species uses in its environment |
| symbiosis | relationship in which there is a close an permanent association between organisms and different species |
| ecological pyramid | shows how energy flows through an ecosystem |
| carbon cycle | all living things on Earth are based on carbon atoms which form proteins |
| age structure | the distribution of people among various ages |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| ionic bonds | the attractive force between two ions of different charges |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| acid | any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water and whose ph is less that 7 |
| base | any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water and whose ph is greater than 7 |
| polar molecule | a molecule with an unequal distribution of charges |
| diffusion | net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| dynamic equilibrium | molecules continue to move randomly and collide with one another but will have no further change in concentration |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration of a substance across space |
| glycogen | mammals store energy in this form in the liver |
| cellulose | gives plants structural support |
| prokaryote | do not contain a plasma membrane and does not contain a nucleus |
| eukaryote | contains a plasma membrane and includes a nucleus responsible for cell division |
| chromatin | strands of genetic material |
| nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| endoplasmic reticulum | not bound by a membrane and consists of RNA and protein and it is the site of chemical reactions |
| golgi apparatus | the flattened stack of membranes that modifies that proteins by sorting them into packages and packing them into membrane bound structures called vesicles |
| vacuoles | the temporary storage facilities for food and enzymes and other materials needed by the cell |
| lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes to get rid of excess or worn out organelles |
| chloroplast | cell organelles that capture light energy and converts it into chemical energy |
| cilia | short numerous projections that look like hair |
| flagella | longer projections that move with a whip like motion |
| isotonic solution | water molecules that move into and out of the cell at the same rate |
| hypotonic solution | water enters through the cell which causes the cell to enlarge |
| hypertonic solution | water leaves the cell causing the cell to shrink |
| passive transport | the movement of particles across a membrane that does use energy |
| active transport | movement of material through a membrane against a concentration gradient |
| chromosomes | carries the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation |
| interphase | the growth period of a cell |
| mitosis | period in a cell of nuclear division |
| prophase | the first phase of mitosis |
| centrioles | cyndrical structures that are only found in animal cells |
| spindle | football shaped structure made up of microtubules that play a vital role in the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis |
| metaphase | the second phase of mitosis |
| anaphase | the third phase of mitosis |
| telephase | the fourth phase of mitosis |
| cytokinesis | division of the cell's cytoplasm |
| cyclins | a cell's rate of cell growth and division is controlled by these proteins |
| ADP | a nucleotide derived from ATP; energy that is then used in performance in muscle work |
| ATP | a nucleotide that contains a large amount of chemical energy stored in a phosphate bonds |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment presented in all green plants and responsible for the absorption of light for photosynthesis |
| alcoholic fermentation | elements such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy |
