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| Name the types of membrane proteins and briefly describe their functions. | Structural support- anchor to cytoskeleton and give shape/ Recognition- used to identify a cell as being "normal" or "infected"(Recognition protein)./ Communication- hormones like insulin(Receptor Proteins)/ Transport- transport proteins. |
| Name the active structures of the plasma membrane. | Phospholipid bilayer, Cholesterol, Proteins, and Glycocalyx. |
| What is a plasma membrane molecule protein that binds with a signaling molecule? | Receptor Protein. |
| What protein facilitates the movement of molecules and ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other? | Transport Protein. |
| What is known as, a "sea of lipids that is peppered with proteins and coated with sugar, some of which are fixed in place but some can move freely, laterally"? | Fluid Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane. |
| What is diffusion? | A movement of molecules or ions from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. |
| What is defined as the highest and lowest concentration of a solute within a given medium.? | A Concentration Gradient. |
| What is Osmosis? | The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of lower "solute" concentration to an area of higher "solute" concentration. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of molecules across a cell membrane that requires energy. |
| What is passive transport? | Movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane that does NOT require energy. |
| What is known as the passage of materials through the plasma membrane, that is aided by a transport protein? | Facilitated diffusion. |
| What are two examples of "passive transport"? AND What is it that puts them in this category? | Facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion./ They both DONT require energy because they are moving down their concentration gradients!! |
| What is composed of two layers of phospholipids, arranged with their fatty acid chains pointing toward one another? | The Phospholipid bilayer. |
| What molecules in our body use facilitated transport? | Amino Acids and Glucose |
| What is simple diffusion? | Diffusion through a cell membrane that does NOT require a special protein channel. |
| Describe the fate of a cell in a Salt water solution/ And a Fresh water solution.? | In a salt water solution the water within the cell is going to move out of the cell drying it out (Why were told not to drink salt water while lost at sea)/ In a fresh water solution, the cell will begin to swell and explode. |
| Describe and contrast the processes of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport across the plasma membrane... | Active Transport requires energy because the molecules are going "Against" there Concentration gradient. BUT Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are BOTH Passive, meaning they Dont require Energy, because they are going With Their Concentration Gradient, AND Facilitated diffusion and Active Transport use A "Transport Protein"!!! |
| What drives Active Transport? | ATP |
| If a molecule is moved against a concentration gradient, then will it require energy or Not?... What is this an example of? | YES/ Active Transport!! |
| What is ExoCytosis? | The movement materials out of the cell through the fusion of a transport vesicle with the plasma membrane. . |
| What process allows large materials into a cell by the infolding of the plasma membrane? | EndoCytosis. |
| What is a non-cellular entity that ust invade living cells, in order to carry out their replication? | A Virus. |
| What is the difference between Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic? | Pathogenic- refers to "Bacteria" that are disease causing, by invading specific living tissues./ Non-Pathogenic- Are bacteria that Do Not Cause Diseases. |
| A Chemical compound produced by one microorganism that are toxic to another organism. | Antibiotic. |
| How do Antibiotics Kill Bacteria? | They disrupt the cell wall of the bacterium, allowing water to move along the concentration gradient, by going from High to Low, blowing up the bacterial cell. |
| How is Antibiotic use an Example of Directional Selection? | As Antibiotics as administered, they kill off the least resistant bacterium first, leaving "Highly Resistant" bacteria in the body, which then these bacteria replicate, creating more Highly Resistant bacteria- Making them immune to antibiotics. |
| What kill bacteria, but cannot be ingested? | Anti-bacterials. |
| What are some recommendations to consumers to help delay Antibiotic resistance? | Take Antibiotics for BACTERIAL Infections ONLY!/ Take all of a Given Prescription/ Wash fruits and Vegetables/ Avoid Antibacterials that have "Triclosan"! (Ajax) |
| What is an Organelle? | A highly organized structure within a cell that serves a specialized function. |
| Contrast Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells. | Prokaryotes- No Nucleus, Small, No Membrane bound Organelles, Always Unicellular/ Eukaryotes- Have a Nucleus, Large, Have Membrane bound organelles, mostly Multi-cellular. |
| Contrast Plant cells vs. Animal Cells... | Plant Cells- Have Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole, Dont Move/ Animal Cell- No Chloroplasts, No Central Vacuole, Have movement (ex- Sperm, Cilia) |
| A kind of internal scaffolding with protein fibers, Is what? | Cytoskeleton |
| The double membrane that lines the "Nucleus" in Eukaryotic Cells? | Nuclear Envelope. |
| What Organelle is the location for Protein Synthesis? | Ribosomes |
| What is a network or membranes that aid in the processing of proteins in Eukaryotic cells? | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What is the Endomembrane system within Eurkaryotic cells? | A system where interactive membrane lined organelles and transport vesicles work together to move matter throughout the cell. |
| What is a transport vesicle? | Membrane lined spheres that move within the endomembrane system, carrying proteins and other molecules. |
| What structure is a network of membranes that processes and distributes proteins that come from the Rough ER? | Golgi Complex. |
| Name the stages/processes that a protein inside a Eukaryotic cell would take. | First the coded sequence to build the protein is transferred from the nucleus to a ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs. Then This ribosome takes the protein to the Rough ER where it continues it process and then is sent to the Golgi complex where it is "tagged" to be shipped out of the cell. |
| What is the last stop for a protein, before it is ejected out of the cell? | Golgi complex. |
| What is the function of the Smooth ER? What makes it different from the Rough ER? | It functions to synthesize lipids and detoxify harmful substances./ Makes it different from Rough ER because it is not a site for protein synthesis and ribosomes do not go there. |
| What organelle in animal cells functions to digest worn-out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter into the cell? | Lysosomes. |
| What organelle producces all of the cellular recycling within a cell? | Lysosomes. |
| Primary organelles that take food in to produce ATP... | Mitochondira |
| A network of protein filaments that functions in cell structure, cell movement, and the transport of materials within the cell.... | Cytoskeleton |
| What are chloroplasts? | Organelles for the site of photosynthesis in plant cells. |
| Name the sites of synthesis for the 4 macro-molecules... | Protein synthesis- ribosomes/ Lipid Synthesis- Smooth ER/ Carbohydrate synthesis- Golgi Complex/ Nucleic Acids- Nucleus. |
| Why is it beneficial for a cell to be small? | Because it has a LARGE Surface Area to Volume Ratio, Where the larger the Area, The MORE Diffusion can occur AND The Smaller the volume the less time it will take for waste and nutrients to enter or leave the cell. |
| T/F..? The Larger the cell, the Surface Area to Volume ratio Increases.? | False/ Decreases. |
| Endosymbiosis Hypothesis? | Bacterial descendants like "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" have become apart of the inside of cells "Endo". And they now live "Symbiotically" with one another, benefiting from eachother by consuming and producing energy. |
| Where does CO2 come from when you exhale? | The Pyruvate Conversion- where Pyruvate combines with Coenzyme A to create Acetyl CoA-- which has C02 as a by-product. |
| What is known as the Aerobic Harvesting of Energy? | Cellular Respiration |
| Give the steps of the Arcade version of Cellular Respiration. | First we eat food, its broken down into Glucose, which is then transferred into ATP through Glycolosis- gives 2 ATP molecules, then Krebs Cycles- which yields 2 ATP, and Then the Electron Transport Chain- Which yields 32 ATP-- For a total of 36 molecules of ATP/ cycle!! |
| Where does the Krebs cycle and ETC take place within a cell? Glycolysis? | Mitochondira Organelles./ Takes place in the "Cytosol" |
| Where is NADH produced? What about FADH2? | NADH=In Glycolysis and Krebs/ FADH2= ONLY Krebs |
| Name the stages of cellular respiration., AND describe... | Stage 1= First Glucose goes through "Glycolysis"- where it yields 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 molecules of "Pyruvic Acid"./ Stage 2= "Pyruvate Conversion"- The 2 molecules of Pyruvate then combine with Coenzyme A to create "Acetyl CoA"./ Stage 3= "Krebs Cycle"- Acetyl CoA then turns into Citric Acid, which then yields 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP./ Stage 4= "ETC"- NADH and FADH2 both carry electrons to the chain, where the electrons are picked up by OXYGEN!. |
| What does the N and F stand for in NAD and FAD? | N=Niacin/ F= Riboflavin |
| T/F..? Cellular Respiration dismantles Monomers... | True |
| What other food molecules can be used to produce energy, ATP? | Proteins and Lipids! |
| What Vitamins are intimately involved in cellular respiration? And what is their role? | The 2 B-Vitamins-- 1.)NADH= Niacin 2.) FADH2= Riboflavin./ They are electron transport carries to the ETC |
| What is the major role of Oxygen in cellular respiration? | Acts as the last electron carrier in the ETC. Without O2, the whole process would seize./ However Glycolysis would not stop because it is Anaerobic- doesnt require Oxygen. |
| Describe the flow of energy from the sun to ATP in the cells of your body. Include at least three trophic levels... | Primary Producers (plants) harvest energy (ATP) through photsynthesis, Which they then are eaten by Primary Consumers, then Secondary Consumers eat them, and then tertiary consumers eat them!, Which then we eat to gain the "left over" energy in the organism, which are body breaks down through cellular respiration to create ATP. |
| Why does a Red Blood Cell only live for 120 days? | Because it lacks Cellular Machinery; a nucleus, organelles... etc... |
| How much saliva is produced per day? What consists of Saliva? | 2L/day.... Water, Mucus, and Salivary Amylase. |
| What is Salivary Amylase and what pH does it have? | An enzyme that digests Carbohydrates in the mouth ONLY!/ pH of 7 |
| Name the functions of the Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas... | Liver- stores Bile in the "Gallbladder", which is then emptied into the small intestines to neutralize acidity and "Emulsify" fats./ Pancreas- Neutralizes acidity from stomach. |
| Name the structures that Increase Surface Area to Volume Ratio within the Small Intestines... | Length, Folded Walls (rugae), Villi, and Microvilli. |
| What is Emulsification? | The break down and digestion of Lipids (Fats) by Bile that is released into the small intestines. |
| Why is it important to "fully chew" Carbs? | Because the only thing that really breaks them down is "Salivary Amalayse" in your mouth, it has a pH of 7, BUT the stomach has a pH of 2!! MUCH More Acidic. |
| What does Pepsin do? | Digest proteins within the stomach. |
| When does Pepsinogen turn into Pepsin? | When HCL is present. |
| What organ produces enzymes for all 4 Macro-molecule classes? | The Pancreas. |
| What two organs Neutralize the acidity within the small intestine? | Pancreas and Liver. |
| Where do Nucleic acids and Lipids start digestion? | In the Small Intestines. |
| What consists of Gastric Juice? | Water, mucus, HCL, and Pepsinogen. |
| Where does Digestion and Absorption Occur for Specific Macromolecules? | Carbs- Digestion starts in the mouth, Absorption occurs in the small intestine./ Proteins- Digested in the stomach and absorbed in the small intestines./ Lipids- Digestion occurs in the small intestines, and absorption in the small INT. |
| Name some benefits form a high fiber diet? | Lowers Constipation, Hemorrhoids and reduces the risk if colon cancer.,.. makes you fell full and absorbs cholesterol. |
| Are Phytochemicals Macor or Micro-Nutrients?/ Where are they found? | Micro-nutrients./ Plant material |
| How many Calories per Gram are in; Carbs, Proteins, and Lipids? | Carbs= 4C/G... Proteins= 4C/G.... Lipids= 9C/G |
| What is known as the ability of Carb's to elevate a persons blood pressure? | Glycemic Index/Load |
| difference between a complete protein vs. incomplete protein.? | Complete proteins contain All 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. |
| According to Nutritional studies, what amount of the macro-molecules should we be consuming? | Carbs- 60%/ Proteins- 12-15%/ Lipids- 30% |
| T/F..? If a food label says that it is LESS than 30%, then its a low fat food? | True |
| HDL vs LDL...? | HDL-- Good Cholesterol and leaves your body!/ LDL-- Bad Cholesterol and Sticks to your Artery walls. |
| Why is it important to eat color? | Phytochemicals. |
| Vitamins Water Soluble vs. Fat Soluble...? | Water Soluble-- Leave in Urine, more difficult to Over-consume, B-Complex and Vitamin C have to be consumed Daily!/.. Fat Soluble-- Do NOT leave the body and are stored in fat, easy to over-consume, Vitamins A,D,E,K are ABSORBED with FAT!!. |
| What is a Coenzyme? | An enzyme that needs a VITAMIN in order to Function. |
| Many Minerals are __________, which are needed by ___________ to Function. | Co-factors/ Enzymes. |
| Essential vs. Non Essential Amino Acids. | Essential Amino Acids have to be consumed!/ Non-Essential Amino Acids are produced within the body. |
| Relate photosynthesis and cellular respiration to the carbon cycle. | Cellular respiration uses oxygen and generates carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and generates oxygen. |
| Give three examples of structures that benefit from the Surface to Volume Ratio Phenomenon.. | Intestines- the gastric folds increases surface area to volume ratio/ Cells/ Small Animals- when their surface area is large compared to their volume, heat is gained and lost quickly because there is lots of surface area to gain and lose heat and relatively little volume to retain heat. |
| What are the by-products of Glycolysis, Pyruvate Conversion, Krebs Cycle and ETC...? | Glycolysis- 2 NADH, 2 ATP molecules and 2 Pyruvate molecules/ Pyruvate Conversion- 1 NADH and C02/ Krebs Cycle- 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and C02/ ETC- H20 and 32 ATP!!! |
| Where do Mitochondria lie within the cell? | The Cytosol. |
| Where do the reactions of the ETC take place, specifically..? What about the Krebs Cycle? | In Mitochondria's "Inner Membrane"./ In Mitochondria's Inner Compartment. |
| T/F..? Glycolysis produces C02.... If Not, then what does? | False/ Pyruvate Conversion and Krebs Cycle. |
