| A | B |
|---|
| The knowledge, language, values, customs, and physical objects that are passed from generation to generation | culture |
| This aspect of our culture includes skyscrapers, computers, cell phones and cars | Material culture |
| Give examples of non-material culture. | Beliefs, rules, customs, family systems, eonomies |
| A group of people who live in a defined territory and participate in a common culture | society |
| Genetically inherited patters of behavior | instincts |
| genetically inherited traits | heredity |
| simple, biological inherited automatic reactions to physical stimulus | reflexes |
| impulses to reduce discomfort | drives |
| the study of the biological basis of human behavior | sociobiology |
| the transmission and creation of culture or the idea that each generation must be taught about their culture | cultural transmission |
| things that stand for or represent something else | symbol |
| The most important symbols are those that create ______. | language |
| Language allows us to create _______. | culture |
| This states that our perceptions of the world depend in part on the particular language we have learned. | The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. |
| rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior | norms |
| rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones | folkways |
| norms of great moral significance | mores |
| a norm so strong that its violation demands punishment by the group | taboo |
| norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials | laws |
| _____ are an important source of laws. | mores |
| rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to norms, either formally or informally | sanctions |
| sanctions that may be applied for positive or negative reasons, only by officially designated persons such as judges or teachers | formal sanctions |
| sanctions that can be applied by most members of a group, for positive or negative reasons. | informal sanctions |
| Staring at someone who is talking loudly at a movie is an example of a positive or negative formal and informal sanction. | negative informal sanction |
| broad ideas about what most people in society consider to be desirable. | values |
| _______ form the basis for norms. | values |
| List some important values that guide the values of most people in the United States. | achievement and success, efficiency, equality, democracy, group superiority, |
| Objects that have no meaning except the meanings people give to them. | material culture |
| What three things involve nonmaterial culture? | beliefs, ideas, and knowlede |
| __________ culture is how we relate to physical objects. | material |
| ideas about the nature of reality | beliefs |
| cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society. | ideal culture |
| actual behavior patterns, which often conflict with ideal culture. | real culture |
| Culture changes for what 3 reasons? | discovery, invention, and diffusion. |
| The process of finding something that already exists. | discovery |
| the creation of something new | invention |
| the borrowing of aspects of culture from other cultures. | diffusion |
| Does cultural diversity exist in all societies? | yes |
| groups that share a social characteristic such as age, gender, or religion. | social categories |
| part of the dominant culture, but differs from it in some important respects. | subculture |
| a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture. | counterculture |
| the practice of judging others in terms of one's own cultural standard | ethnocentrism |
| someone who loves another culture more than their own | xenocentrism |
| traits that exist in all cultures, such as sports, cooking, and education | cultural universals |
| the ways that each culture expresses the universals | cultural particulars |
| This universal believes people are born and must be cared for if a society is to survive. | biological universals |
| This universal exists because humans can not survive without protection from the environment. | physical environment |
| This universal states goods and services must be produced and distributed, tasks must be assigned, work must be accomplished. | social problems |
| Cultural universals exist for what 3 reasons? | 1. The biological similarity shared by all human beings 2. The physical environment affecting all human beings 3. many countries face the same social problems |
