| A | B |
|---|
| This is composed of at least 2 people who share several features. | A group |
| What are the features of a group? | They are in regular contact with one another. They share some ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. They take one another's behavior into account. They have one or more interests or goals in common, They play an important role in the lives of their members and influence society around them. |
| This is composed of people who share a social characteristic. | Social category |
| This is composed of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. | Social aggregate |
| This is composed fo people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company. | primary group |
| These are intimate, personal, caring and fulfilling relationships | primary relationships |
| What conditions are needed for a primary group? | small size, face to face contact, continuous contact, proper social environment. |
| This gender's groups tend to be smaller and more intimate. | Girls |
| This gender's groups tend to be larger and less intimate. | Boys |
| What three functions do primary groups serve in society? | Emotional support, socialization, encourage conformity. |
| This type of group is impersonal and goal oriented. | secondary group |
| This type of relationship involves only limited parts of the personality. | secondary relationship |
| These groups help us to evaluate ourselves and to acquire attitudes, beliefs, and norms in both positive and negative ways | reference group |
| Do you have to be a member of the reference group to consider it a reference group? | no |
| Do reference groups have to be positive models? | no |
| This type of group requires extreme loyalty from its members and excludes others. | The in-group |
| How does the in-group feel towards the out-group? | It feels opposition, antagonism, or competition towards the out-group |
| The web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups. | Social network |
| Does a social network qualify as a group? | no |
| What are the functions of a social network? | a sense of belonging and purpose, help and advise, help in finding a job. |
| What are the five types of social interaction basic to group life? | cooperation, conflict, social exchange, coercion, and conformity |
| This is a form of interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal. | cooperation |
| When is a cooperation group most likely to form? | When resources are limited such as a flood, tornado, plane crash. |
| Groups or individuals that work against one another for a larger share of the rewards are in _____. | conflict |
| What are the positive effects of conflict? | promotes cooperation and unity within the opposing groups, draws attention to social inequalities, changes norms, beliefs, and values. |
| This is a type of social interaction in which one person voluntarily does something for another person, expecting a reward in return. | social exchange |
| What is reciprocity? | Doing for others what they have done for you. |
| How is cooperation different from social exchange? | In cooperation, nothing is expected in return. |
| Social interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to give in to the will of other individuals or groups. | coercion |
| What is the central element in coercion? | domination |
| What is conformity? | behavior that matches the group expectations |
| A ______________ organization is deliberately created to achieve one or more long term goals. | formal |
| This is a formal organization based on rationality and efficiency. | Bureaucracy |
| This refers to the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will. | Power |
| This is the exercise of legitimate power, power that derives from a recognized or approved source. | authority |
| In a bureaucracy, how are people promoted? | on the basis of merit and qualifications |
| This is the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning rather than tradition and superstition. It was on the rise as the industrial economy developed. | rationalization |
| Who was the first sociologist to analyze the nature of bureaucracy? | Max Weber |
| What did Max Weber see as the benefit to a bureaucracy? | steadiness, precision, continuity, speed, efficiency, and minimum cost since the industrial economy was moving so quickly. |
| Can primary relationships emerge in a bureaucracy? | yes, as part of the informal organizaiton |
| In an _______ organization, personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization. | informal |
| Why do informal groups exist? | to meet the needs ignored by the formal organization. |
| What are the disadvantages of informal groups? | It can have negative effects where the members cover for or lie for each other in order to bend the rules of the formal organization to fit their needs or wants. |
| What are the advantages of informal groups? | They server as humanizing features of the formal organization. They offer personal affection, support, humor, and protection. |
| According to the _________ power increasingly tends to become more and more concentrated in the hands of fewer members of any organization. | law of oligarchy |
| What are three organizational factors that encourage the law of oligarchy? | organizations need a hierarchy of authority to delegate decision making, the advantages held by those at the top allow them to consolidate their power, other members of the organization tend to defer to leaders. |
