| A | B |
|---|
| Homozygous | Two of the same alleles for a trait |
| Genotype | An organism's genetics make up |
| Dominant | The stronger version of a gene |
| Allele | One version of a gene |
| Recessive | The weaker version of a gene |
| Phenotype | What an organism physically looks like |
| Gene | A piece of your DNA |
| Genetics | The study of heredity |
| Heredity | How genes are passed from parents to offspring |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles for a certain trait |
| Mendel | The Father of Genetics |
| DNA | A gene is a piece of this |
| Transcription | Process by which RNA is made from DNA |
| Nucleus | Where transcription takes place |
| Translation | Process by which mRNA is converted into an amino acid |
| Ribosome | Where Translation takes place |
| Uracil | Nitrogenous Base found only in RNA, but not DNA |
| Thymine | Nitrogenous Base found only in DNA, but not RNA |
| mRNA | What is produced in Transcription |
| tRNA | What is produced in Translation |
| Twenty | Total number of Amino Acids that combine to make proteins |
| Three | The number of bases in a codon |
| adenine, guanine, cytosine | Nitrogenous Bases found in both DNA and RNA |
| nucleic acids | Large molecules made up of long chains of nucleotides |
| Ribose | Sugar found in RNA |
| Deoxyribose | Sugar found in DNA |
| Cytosine | Guanine always bonds with this base |
| Adenine | Thymine always bonds with this base |
| Double Helix | Paired (2) strands of DNA coiled into a spiral is called this |
| DNA->RNA->Protein | The central Dogma of Protein Synthesis |
| mRNA | Carries genetic information to the ribosomes |
| cytoplasm | Where the ribosomes are located |
| Amino Acids | Proteins are made up of these |
| Poly Peptides | Amino Acid chains are called this |
| Codon | A sequence of 3 bases is called this |
| Mitosis | A name for asexual reproduction |
| Meiosis | A name for sexual reproduction where cell division reduces the chromosome number by 1/2 by splitting up pairs |
| Interphase | Phase that occurs before mitosis begins |
| Prophase | 1st step of Mitosis; cells begin to divide |
| Metaphase | 2nd step in Mitosis; chromatids attach to the spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | 3rd step in Mitosis; Chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | 4th step in Mitosis; 2 new nuclei form |
| Cytokinesis | Occurs after Mitosis; cell membrane moves inward to create 2 identical daughter cells |
| Gametes | The ova and sperm cells |
| Diploid | Normal amount of genetic material |
| Haploid | 1/2 the genetic material |
| Crossing Over | Process during Prophase I where pieces of chromosomes are exchanged; produced genetic recombination in offspring |
| Prophase I | During Meiosis I, one pair of chromosomes comes from father and one pair from mother |
| Metaphase I | During Meiosis I homelogous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell |
| Anaphase I | During Meiosis I, chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles |
| Telophase I | During Meiosis I, cytokinesis divides cell into 2 |
| Meiosis II | DNA does not double. It is REDUCED from diploid to haploid; no Interphase |
| Karyotyping | Process of finding the chromosomal characteristics of a cell |
| Punnett Square | Used to organize all the possible combination of offspring from particular parents |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | What DNA stands for |
| Ribonucleic Acid | What RNA stands for |
