| A | B |
|---|
| Who was Frederick Griffth? | Researched pnuemonia. Genes are made of DNA. Answered if DNA or protein holds genetic code |
| Transformation | a strain of bacteria (harmless) is changed to another strain (harmful) via cell cycle |
| Avery | Discovered DNA stores and transmits genetic information |
| Rosalind Franklin | Produced image of DNA using x-ray crystallography |
| What did James Watson and Francis Crick complete? | The first model of DNA that worked chemically. |
| What is in the structure of DNA | Made out of nucleotides (only 4 form DNA), each contains phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. |
| What are the 4 nucleotides? | Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine |
| What is Chargaff's Rule | Figured out that in a sample of DNA the amounts of; G=C and T=A |
| What are proteins? | Polymers of amino acids, contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What is protein synthesis? | The process/method for making proteins |
| What is transcription? | 1. RNA polymerase unzips DNA molecule 2. Comlimentary strand of RNA is created 3. the strand is edited |
| What are Introns? | parts removed from RNA, non-coding |
| What are exons? | useful parts of RNA |
| What are proteins made of? | Polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids |
| What are codons? | a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA or RNA |
| What are mutagens? | chemical or physical agents in the environment |
| What are somatic cells? | body cells, not inheritable because not on sex cells |
| What are germ cells? | reproductive cells, may inherit mutations from these cells |
| How many chromosomal mutations are there? | 4 types: deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations |
| What is nondisjunction? | when homologous chromosomes don't separate properly during meiosis |
| What is polyploidy? | extra chromosomes |
| What is deletion? | genes are deleted from the chromosome |
| What is duplication? | a segment of genes are repeated |
| What is inversion? | when the order of genes is reversed |
| What is translocation? | when sections of chromosomes are swapped |
| What is frameshift mutation (silent mutation)? | a mutation that does not cause a problem so you often don't know it is there |
| What is an operon gene expression? | A group of genes that work as an on/off switch for other genes |
| What is a promoter gene expression? | location for transcription to start |
| What is an operator gene expression? | acts as a binding site for proteins so that genes may be turned on/off |
| Do prokaryotes need to transcribe all of their genes at the same time? | No |
| What are homeotic genes? | A set of master control genes for determining body organs in embryos |
| What are homeobox genes? | 180 base pair set of genes shared by all homeotic/master control genes |
| What are Hox genes? | group of homeobox genes in fruit flies. Identify each segment of the body |
| What are important environment influences on genes? | Temperature, salinity, nutrient availability/population |
