| A | B |
|---|
| Sensory Memory (SM) | Consists of a set of registers, where we temporarily store incoming sensory information from the physical environment until we can attend to it, interpret it, and move it to the next stage of memory processing |
| Iconic Memory | Photographic memory but for less than 1 second |
| Explicit (declarative) Memory | Long term memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences |
| Encoding | The process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next |
| Storage | Refers to the process of maintaining information in a particular stage |
| Retrieval | The process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory |
| Levels-of-Processing Theory | Describes what types of encoding lead to better retrieval |
| Elaborate Rehearsal | Rehearsing b relating the new material to information already in long-term memory |
| Self-Reference effect | It is easier to remember information that you have related to yourself |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | Proposes that the cues present during encoding serve as the best cues for retrieval |
| Mood-Dependent Memory | The retrieval of a particular memory is better when a person's mood at retrieval is the same as it was during encoding |
| Mood-Congruence Effect | The tendency to recall memories that are congruent with a person's current mood |
| Mnemonic | Memory aid |
| Method of loci | the plural of "locus," which means place or location |
| Peg-word system | You visually associate the item in a list with a jingle that you first memorize |
| Spacing (distributed study) effect | The superior memory for spaced study versus cramming |
| Recall | A measure of retrieval that requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no retrieval cues |
| Recognition | A measure of retrieval that only requires the identification of the information in the presence of retrieval cues |
| Relearning | Sometimes call the savings method because it is a measure of the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time |
| Encoding failure theory | States that sometimes forgetting is not really forgetting but rather encoding failure |
| Storage decay theory | Assumes that the biological representation of the memory gradually decays over time and that periodic usage of the information will help to maintain it in storage |
| Interference theory | Proposes that other information interferes and makes the forgotten information inaccessible |
| Proactive interference | The disruptive effect of prior learing on the retrieval of new informaiton |
| Retroactive interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the retrieval of old information |
| Cue-dependent theory | also assumes that forgetting stems from not gaining access to the desired information |
| tip-of-the-tong (TOT) phenomenon | An example of forgetting involving inaccessibility due to insufficient cues that all of us have experienced |
| Schemas | Frame-works for our knowledge about people objects, events, and actions |
| Source misattribution | Occurs when we do not remember the true source of a memory and attribute the memory to the wrong source |
| False Memory | an inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory |
| Misinformation effect | Occurs when a memory is distorted by subsequent exposure to misleading information |
