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| Give some characteristics that distinguish 3 types of muscles. | Skeletal muscle- (neuromuscular junctions) Striated and is Multinucleated./ Smooth muscle- Has no striations and is mono-nucleated./ Cardiac muscle- Has intercalated disks and branched together. (Both Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle has Gap junctions). |
| What type of Receptors are at the Neuromuscular junctions of muscles? | ACh Nicotinic receptors. |
| Which type of muscle has varacosities along it?/ What is another characteristic of this type of muscle? | Smooth muscle./ Has gap junctions, no striations, and is mono-nucleated. |
| T/F.? Protein filaments are Myofribrils, like Myosin and Actin. | True |
| Name the structure of a muscle from it largest part to its smaller counterparts. | Muscle--Fascicle--Muscle Fiber--Myofirbil--Myofilaments (Actin/ Myosin). |
| T/F..? Muscle fibers lay within the fascicle. | True. |
| What is the modified smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in muscles?/ It is also known as the _________________. | Sacroplasmic Reticulum/ Storage bank for Ca2+ |
| What part of the skeletal muscle has sacrolemma wrapped around it? | Muscle Fiber |
| What are the parts of the Myofilaments?/ Which are thin and which are thick? | Actin- Thin/ Myosin- Thick |
| what part of the muscle has extracellular fluid and allows for an AP to travel down into the muscle cell? | (T) Transnverse-Tubule. |
| What is a Sacromere?/ What is its main characteristic? | It is the smallest functional unit of a muscle cell/ ZDisk--to--ZDisk |
| Give the characteristics of all "Bands" and "Zones" within a Sacromere of a muscle. | Z-Disk to Z-Disk= Sacromere/ A-Band= from the beginning of myosin to the end of Myosin (stays same length)/ I-Band= Actin Only Band (shrinks)/ H-Band= Myosin Only (Shrinks with contraction). |
| Which of the Bands shrink? | I-Band(Actin) and H-Band(Myosin) |
| Name two regulatory proteins and two contractile proteins within muscles. | Regulatory- Troponin and Tropomyosin/ Contractile- Actin and Myosin. |
| Muscles at rest have _______ binding sites covered by Tropomyosin. | Myosin |
| Where on the Sacrolemma does the (NMJ) Nueromuscular junction occur? | The motor end-plate. |
| The process that is fundamental to muscle physiology, whereby the electrical stimulus is usually an action potential and the mechanical response is contraction. Is known as ______________________. | Excitation contraction coupling. |
| Explain the process in how a muscle contracts.... | A motor neuron connects at the NMJ with the muscle. The Neuron releases ACh into the synaptic cleft where ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate, allowing Na+ influx- creating a depolarization and a end plate AP.-- which then triggers an AP in the muscle cell. The AP then travels along the Sacrolemma where it then travels down the T-Tubule. Here the AP triggers the release of Ca2+ from the Sacroplasmic Reticulum through Ca2+ channels on the T-Tubule... From there, the Ca2+ binds to Troponin on the Actin Filaments and causes the release of Tropomyosin- revealing Myosin binding sites- allowing for the cross-bridge cycle to begin and the muscle Contracts. Then Tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding sites again to relax the muscle. |
| What is known as the contraction/binding of Myosin heads and Actin binding sites? | Cross-bridging. |
| Explain the process in which ATP is used in Cross-bridging of Myosin heads and Actin binding sites.. | ADP and Phosphate are in high cocked energy state, then Myosin binds to Actin sites and Phosphate is released. Then it does a power stroke, then ADP is released and (Rigor) Myosin is now in lowest energy form. Then An ATP comes an binds to the head to release it from the Actin and down to the cocked position again. |
| What is Rigor? | Myosin in its lowest energy state. |
| What is One Alpha Motor Neuron and All of the muscle fibers that it innervates? | A Motor Unit. |
| T/F.? Muscles require ATP for contraction and relaxation. | False/ Only for Relaxation. |
| What is the Sliding of Actin Filaments of Z-Disks toward each other during contraction known as...? | The Sliding Filament Theory. |
| The stimulation of additional motor units for increased strength of contraction is called _____________. | Recruitment. |
| Compare/ Contrast Isotonic contractions and Isometric contractions. | Isotonic- muscle contracts and shortens(curling a 10lb. dumbbell)./ Isometric- Muscle contracts, but does Not shorten. (holding a 10lb. dumbbell out in front of your body) |
| Compare/Contrast Concentric contractions and Eccentric contractions. | (Both are a type of Isotonic contraction) Concentric- shortening of muscles with force production/ Eccentric- lengthening of muscles with force production. |
| What does Myoglobin do and where? | Used for oxygen supply to slow twitch muscles and during aerobic respiration. |
| What molecules are primarily used during exercise in Mild training?/ Moderate Training?/ Heavy Training?... | Mild- Plasma free fatty acids/ Moderate- Glycogen/ Heavy- Glycogen |
| What is another energy storage molecule within muscles, besides ATP? | Phosphocreatine. |
| What process within muscle contraction requires ATP? | Cross-bridge cycling. |
| T/F..? Myosin acts as an enzyme./ If so, how? | True/ Cleaves ATP into ADP and Pi |
| During muscle contraction, what causes the "power stroke"? | The Pi bound to the Myosin head is released, which causes a 45 degree bend in the myosin hinge-- shortening the Sacromere= contraction. |
| The Power Stroke is a result of __________ detachment from the Myosin head. | Pi (Phosphate) |
| ________ is known as, the arousal of impulses by a rapid succession of stimuli. | Summation |
| When does muscle fatigue occur? | When their is no more ATP. |
| What type of receptor is used for Touch?/For Vision?/ Smell?/ Taste?/ Hearing?... | Mechanoreceptors./ Photoreceptors./ Chemoreceptors./ Chemoreceptors/ Mechanoreceptors. |
| Compare/Contrast between Phasic and Tonic Receptors. (give example's).. | Phasic Receptors- respond with a burst of activity, but then reduce firing rate because of constant stimulation (Ex- Smell and Touch)/ Tonic Receptors- Respond at constant rate with continually applied stimulus (Ex- Pain). |
| __________ is known as, the change of environmental stimulus into Action Potentials. | Transduction. |
| Stimulation of a sensory fiber evokes only the sensation of its own modality... this is known as ______________________. | Law of specific nerve energies. |
| What is referred pain? (give an example) | Pain that is felt in other areas, other than the actual site of injury./ Intestinal injuries can be referred in pain on the skin. |
| Which layers of the skin are associated with Cold and Warmth? | Cold- Upper Dermis layer/ Warmth- Deeper dermis layer |
| Between rods and cones in the retina, which one contains Convergence of their cells? | Rods |
| _______________ are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space. | Proprioceptors |
| What is the difference between Interoceptors and Exteroceptors? | Interoceptors- sense stimuli from the viscera inside the body/ Exteroceptors- Sense stimuli from outside the body (touch, pain) |
| ________ sends information to the limbic system from the olfactory bulb, which provokes memory and emotions from smell. | Glomeruli |
| Explain how smell is conducted.. | The odorant comes into nose and binds to its receptor. This binding activates an Alpha G-protein to dissociate and bind to Adenylate cyclase where ATP is used to activate cAMP..... cAMP then goes to Na+/Ca2+ channel and activates it for the influx of both. |
| What is known as when the load is greater than the force produced? | Eccentric contraction. |
| How does receptive field density relate to receptive field size and the 2-point discrimination test? | The Back of the Legs has a Low Density of sensory receptors, so the receptive fields are Large and the 2 point test is also Large/ The Fingertips have high Density receptors and the receptive field is small, so the 2-Point test is Small. |
| What is within Endolymph that allows for Action Potentials? | K+ |
| What part of the ear recognizes Vertical Acceleration?/ What about Horizontal Acceleration? | Saccule/ Utricle. |
| Name three Otolithic organs.. | Saccule, Utricle, and Semi-circular canals. |
| When you shake your head no, what happens in the ear? | The Endolymph within the Semicircular canals is moved, and when it moves it causes the Cupula to bend, which then bends the hair cells detecting the movement to the brain. |
| Name three Auditory Ossicles and state which one connects to the Tympanic Membrane. | Malleus, Incus and Stapes. (Malleus connects to the eardrum) |
| What fills the Cochlear duct within the Ear? | Endolymph |
| What does the Scala Tympani and other Tympani consist of? | Perilymph |
| What lies on the basilar membrane of the ear and contains hair cells? | Organ if Corti |
| As the Basilar membrane of the ear is vibrated it also vibrates the Organ of Corti, which has hair cells that get bent on the ________________, causing an impulse to be sent through the Cochlear Nerve to the brain. | Tectorial Membrane. |
| The Cochlea houses the _______________. | Organ of Corti |
| Hair cells are a ___________________ Transducer. | Mechano-electrical |
| What is the frequency range of the human ear? | 20Hz- 20,000Hz |
| Which part of the cochlea detects for high pitched sounds? Is it Flexible or stiff? | The Base signals for high pitches and it is stiff. |
| What is the difference between a sensory receptor cell and a receptor protein.? | A sensory receptor cell- transduces sensory information into Action Potentials to the brain/ Receptor Proteins- cause ion channels to open or close, effecting the membrane potential. |
| Where in the target cell is the receptors for Cortisol? | Cytosol. |
| Where in the target cell is the receptors for Epinephrine? | On the Plasma membrane. |
| What does Cortisol do at its target tissue? | Messes with transcription (Inhibits protein synthesis production) |
| T/F..? Olfaction senses go through the Thalamus. | False. |
| What does the Body do when it needs an increase in strength production?/ What is this called? | Recruits more Motor units/ Recruitment. |
| Contrast between 3 Different Muscle type characteristics... | Slow Oxidative (Type1)- Marathon runners, Rate of fatigue is slow, Myoglobin and Mitochondria are high, muscle fiber and motor unit size are small../ Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (Type 2a)- 1500m sprint, rate of fatigue is medium, Has many Mitochondria and Myoglobin AND high amounts of Myosin ATP use, Muscle fibers and Motor unit size are medium../ Fast Glycolytic (Type 2b)- 100 M sprint, Rate of fatigue is Fast, Has very few mitochondria and myoglobin, High amounts of Myosin ATP use, and the Motor unit size and muscle fiber size is large. |
| What is the simplest of the motion responses? | Reflexes. |
| Explain what happens In the Patellar reflex.... | Patella is struck, then Proprioceceptor in the muscle sends an impulse along the "afferent" neuron to the Dorsal root (sensory) of the spinal cord. This impulse is then passed on to the Ventral horn of the spinal cord which controls motor neurons. This impulse then travels back to the quadriceps muscle in the leg and stimulates a contraction. |
| Explain what happens in the withdrawal reflex when you touch something hot... | You touch a hot pot, then an impulse is sent in an afferent neuron into the spinal cord where it synapses with Spinothalamic pathway- which takes the pain impulse to the thalamus in the brain.. 2 "Interneurons" synapse with the afferent neuron. One is excitatory and the other is inhibitory. The "Excitatory interneuron synapses with the efferent neuron that then travels to the biceps- creating them to contract your hand away... The "Inhibitory interneuron" synapses with the Efferent neuron and travels to the triceps- causing relaxation. |
| What pathway within the body commands our voluntary motion? | The Corticospinal Pathway |
| Each ____________ of the spinal cord serves a particular cross-section of the body. | Dermatome |
| What does the Brain Stem consists of?/ Give a description of each... | The Midbrain- relays information to the thalamus for vision and hearing./ Pons- Respiratory rhythms and connects the cerebellum to the motor cortex./ Medulla- Regulation of respiration and cardiovascular centers. |
| What part of the brain acts as a relay station, that processes and transmits movement (motor) and sensory information to the cerebral cortex? | The Thalamus. |
| T/F.? The Medulla is not related to consciousness. | True |
| When you are sleeping and the fridge opens and closes when you live alone, what wakes you up? | The reticular formation |
| The _________ monitors and regulates temperature, satiety, and osmolarity of blood./ What else does this brain area do? | The Hypothalamus./ Releases factors for hormonal control. |
| What part of the brain has sensory and motor pathways...? | The Thalamus. |
| Name the 4 lobes of the brain and give their specialized functions... | Frontal Lobe- Decisions and Voluntary control/ Parietal Lobe- recognizes sensory input./ Occipital Lobe- Translates visual input./ Temporal Lobe- Auditory and Olfactory cortexes. |
| What two parts of the brain use Auditory sensing? | The Midbrain and the Thalamus. |
| The ________ "informs" the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus of body positions and motions. | The Cerebellum |
| _______ from the _________ to the Cerebrum is one of the largest nerve tracts in the brain! | Output/ Cerebellum |
| What spends most of our childhood learning to calculate time and distance? | The Cerebellum. |
| In the patellar reflex experiment does the strength of the stimulus change the "reflex time"? | No, because conduction velocity does not change with the stimulus. |
| The sensory receptors responsible for providing information about the length, or rate of change of length, of a muscle are called ______________. | Muscle Spindles. |
| What plays a significant role in developing anti-gravity reflexes and maintaining muscle tone? | Muscle Spindles. |
| What is the difference between Muscle Fiber and Muscle Spindles? | Muscle fibers- consist of Extrafusal fibers that create tension../ Muscle Spindles- consist of Intrafusal muscle fibers which do not contribute to tension, but regulate the excitability of the sensory afferent spindle nerves. |
| Muscle ________ contains a small bundle of ___________ fibers. These fibers are innervated by _________ motor neurons. | Spindles/ Intrafusal/ Gamma |
| The majority of a muscle consists of ____________ fibers, which are innervated by _______ motor neurons and are responsible for muscle tension. | Extrafusal /Alpha |
| The minimal delay between the muscle stretching and the reflex contracting is due to its ____________________. | Monosynaptic pathway. |
| Gamma motor neurons innervate _________ skeletal muscle fibers. | Intrafusal. |
| What senses the stretch of a muscle when jumping from a low stool to the floor, and then sends impulses to the CNS to contract the same extensor muscle being stretched? | Intrafusal muscle fibers. |
| If a muscle fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it does not relax at all between stimuli, a smooth, sustained contraction called _________ occurs. | Tetanus. |
| What is known as a single contraction in response to a brief threshold stimulation? | A Twitch. |
