| A | B |
|---|
| consciousness | awareness of yourself and your environment |
| biological rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations |
| circadian rhythms | biological rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours. |
| ultradian rhythms | biological rhythms that occur more than once a day |
| infradian rhythms | biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season. |
| William Dement | sleep researcher who coined the term rapid eye movement (REM). |
| melatonin | hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms |
| electroencephalograph (EEG) | machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface; electrodes placed on the scalp measure these waves. |
| Rapid eye movement (REM) | recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active. |
| insomnia | recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep |
| sleep apnea | sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. |
| narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. |
| somnambulism | sleepwalking, which usually starts in the deeper stages of non-rapid eye movement (N-REM) sleep; the sleepwalker can walk and talk and is able to see but rarely has any memory of the event. |
| night terrors | sleep related problem characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, seldom remembered (occurs within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep during Stage 4 sleep.) |
| hypnosis | social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors and the subject follows those suggestions. |
| social influence theory | theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis |
| divided consciousness theory | theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role other parts are playing. |
| Ernest Hilgard | Pioneering hypnosis researcher and an advocate of the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis. |
| posthypnotic suggestion | hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended. |
| psychoactive drug | chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior |
| dependence | state of physiological, psychological, or both types of need to take more of a drug after continued use. |
| withdrawal | discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of that drug. |
| tolerance | reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the use to take larger doses to achieve the same pleasurable effects previously obtained by lower doses. |
| depressants | drugs (such as alcohol and sedatives) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. |
| Caffeine | stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks. |
| Nicotine | stimulant found in tobacco. |
| Cocaine | stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant |
| Amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding up body functions |
| Hallucinogens | psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input |
| Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. |
| Ecstasy (MDMA) | hallucinogenic drug produces lowered inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others. |
| Marijuana | leaves, stems, resin, and flowers from the hemp plant that when smoked, lower inhibitions and produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria. |
