| A | B |
|---|
| 1. conquistadors | Spanish conquerors |
| 2. GOD, GOLD, GLORY | Motives of the Spanish conquistadors in America |
| 3. Aztecs | Empire in Mexico conquered by Cortes & the Spanish |
| 4. Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire - now Mexico City |
| 5. Moctezuma | Aztec Emperor - welcomed the Spanish because he thought they were gods - later killed by them |
| 6. Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs |
| 7. Incas | Large empire in Peru |
| 8. Atahualpa | Emperor of the Incas - captured by the Spanish - held for ransom - then murdered |
| 9. Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire in Peru |
| 10. Reasons for Spanish victory in America: | 1. Superior military technology [muskets, horses, cannons, armor]; 2. Division & discontent among rival Indian groups; 3. Disease brought by Europeans; 4. Indians gave up - their religion said their disasters meant the end of the world |
| 11. Divide & Conquer | Method used by Spanish where they used the hatred of Indian groups who had been conquered by the Incas & Aztecs to gain allies & use these groups to help the Spanish fight the Incas & Aztecs |
| 12. Disease | The Spanish brought new diseases that the Indians were not immune to - common diseases like the measles wiped out thousands of Indians - in the Caribbean - 90% of the Indian population |
| 13. Superior military technology | The Spanish brought horses; Indian spears & arrows were not match for Spanish guns & cannon & bounced off Spanish metal helmets & armor |
| 14. viceroy | Ruled a Spanish colony in America in the king's name |
| 15. plantation | large estate run by the owner or his overseer & worked by laborers who live there |
| 16. cash crops | crops like tobacco & sugar cane raised on plantations to trade with Europe & sell for profit |
| 17. encomienda | the right the Spanish king gave to his American colonists to demand labor or tribute from the Indians |
| 18. peons | Indian workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off a debt |
| 19. Las Casas | Catholic priest who pleaded with the Spanish king to end the horrible abuses the Spanish rule brought to Indians |
| 20. Social classes in Spanish America - from highest to lowest | 1. Peninsulars 2. Creoles 3. Mestizos 4. Mulattos 5. Native Americans 6. Africans |
| 21. Peninsulars | Born in Spain - held highest jobs in the government & the Catholic Church in Spanish America |
| 22. Creoles | Spanish descent - born in America - descendants of the Peninsulars - owned the plantations, ranches, mines |
| 23. Mestizos | Mixed Spanish & Indian descent |
| 24. Mulattos | Mixed Spanish & African descent |
| 25. Why were African slaves needed in America? | After many Indians died, slaves were needed to cut down forests, build towns, & work on plantations |
| 26. What big event in history started the boom in the slave trade? | the discovery of the Americas |
| 27. How was slavery in Africa different BEFORE the Europeans came? | Slaves came only from prisoners of war or criminals - slavery was only temporary so many could eventually earn their freedom |
| 28. Which 3 groups benefitted from the slave trade? | 1. Black Africans who captured slaves from rival tribes 2. Merchants who shipped the slaves to America 3. American plantation owners |
| 29. The Middle Passage | Slaves shipped across the Atlantic - from Africa to America - under horrible conditions |
| 30. The Triangular Trade | Slave trade between Europe - Africa - America |
| 31. How did the Triangular Trade work? | 1. Europe sent guns & cheap goods to Africa in exchange for slaves; 2. Slaves were then sent to the Americas & bought by plantation owners; 3. Plantation owners sold cash crops like sugar & tobacco to Europe |
| 32. Results of the Slave trade on Africa | 1. Africa was depopulated of its youngest & best people; 2. it stopped the gold-salt trade; 3. whole cutures were destroyed; 4. increased tribal warfare; 5. Africa did not develop with the rest of the world |
| 33. Brazil | Portuguese colony in South America |
| 34. M ercantilism | King exports more than his country imports in order to make the mother country rich --- {EXAMPLE - Latin American colonies sent cheap raw materials like wood to the mother country, Spain & she turns it into expensive manufactured goods like furniture which she sells back to the colonies} |
| 35. Entrepreneur | person who takes financial risks {merchants, business owners} to make a profit |
| 36. Capitalism | economic system includes private ownership + the investment of money to make a profit |
| 37. Tariff | tax on imported goods |
| 38. Inflation | rise in price due to a sharp increase in the amount of $ available |
| 39. Joint Stock Company | trading company- shares are sold to investors to finance business esp. overseas |
| 40. Commercial Revolution | New ways of doing business included ideas of mercantilism; capitalism; entrepreneurships; Joint Stock Companies & overseas ventures |
| 41. Effects of the Commercial Revolution | 1. Atlantic Ocean replaces Mediterranean Sea as center of trade; 2. Population shifts as Europeans & Africans move to America; 3. Resulting in Cultural Diffusion; 4. Domestic System [goods produced in homes - then sold to entrepreneurs] increases production; 5. Growth of capitalism - invest in business to make money [Capital] |
| 42. Cape town | town in south Africa built by the Dutch to supply ships sailing to and from the East Indies |
| 43. Zulu | African kingdom in South Africa - came into conflict with Dutch settlers called Boers on their "Great Trek" northward from Cape Town |
| 44. Shaka | Zulu leader - waged war & conquered many groups in South Africa - united a large Zulu kingdom |
| 45. Boers | Dutch farmers who settled near Cape town |
| 46. How did South Africa become a battle ground for many groups? | The Dutch settlers called Boers settled in South Africa & made slaves out of the Africans. Then the British conquered South Africa & ended slavery. The Boers made a "Great Trek" [walk] north to escape British rule. As they did they ran into the African nation called Zulus. Boers & Zulus fought. At first the Zulus defended themselves, but their spears were no match for the Boers' guns. |
