| A | B |
|---|
| George Washington | Revolutionary War hero and Patriot leader, he served as a representative to the Continental Congress, commanded the Continental Army, and was unanimously elected to two terms as president of the United States |
| electoral college | a group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidental elections |
| Martha Washington | Wife of George Washington, she was the first First Lady |
| precedent | an action or decision tha tlater serves as an example |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system |
| Alexander Hamilton | American statesman and member of the Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention, he was an author of the Federalist Papers, which supported ratification of the Constitution. He was the first secretary of treasury under George Washington and developed the Bank of the United States |
| national debts | the total amount of money owed by a country to its lenders |
| bonds | a certificate that represents money the government has borrowed from private citizens |
| speculators | an investor who buys items at low prices on hope that their values will rise |
| Thomas Jefferson | American statesman, and member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of th ecommittee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration's main author and one of its signers, and the third president of the United States |
| loose construction | a way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking |
| strict construction | a way of interpreting the Constitution that llows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take |
| Bank of the United States | a national bank chartered by Congress in 1791 to provide security for the U.S. economy |
| French Revolution | French rebellion that began in 1789 in which the French people overthrew the monarchy and mede their country a republic |
| Neutrality Proclamation | s statement made by President George Washington that the United States would not side with any of the nations at war in Europe following the French Revolution |
| privateers | a private ship authorized by a nation to attack its enemies |
| Jay' Treaty | an agreement negotiated by John Jay to work out problems between Britain and the United States over northwestern lands, British seizure of U.S. ships, ant U.S. debts owed to the British |
| Pickney's Treaty | an agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans |
| Little Turtle | Miami chief who led a Native American alliance that raided settlements in the Northwest Territory, he was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville, and later became an advocate for peace |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | a battle between U.S. troops and an American Indian confederation that ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the Northwest Territory |
| Treaty of Greenville | an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the U.S. government that gave the United States Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that U.S. citizens could travel through the region |
| Whiskey Rebellion | a protest of small farmers in Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey |
| political parties | a group of people who organize to help elect government officials and influence government policies |
| Federalist Party | a political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade |
| Democratic-Republican Party | a political party founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture |
| XYZ affair | an incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from U.S. diplomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would not longer attack American ships; it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolution | Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional |
