| A | B |
|---|
| Agglomeration | a process involoving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. |
| Blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhoods. |
| CBD | the area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered |
| Centrality | the strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract producers and consumers to its facilities: a city's "reach" into the surrounding region |
| Central-place Theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areasfor services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to ttravel further |
| Cityscapes | the landscape of an urban area; the combined impression of a built and non-built environment |
| Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
| Counterurbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs |
| Economic Base | a community's collection of base industries |
| Basic Industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
| Non-basic Industries | Industries that sell their products primarily to customers in the community |
| Edge City | A large node of offices and retail acticities on the edge of an urban area. |
| Entrepot | a place, usually a port city, where goods are imported, stored, and transhipped; break of bulk point |
| Favela | Shantytown on the outskirt or even well with in the urban area in Brazil |
| Gateway City | acity, by virtue of it's location, absorbs and assimilates cultures and traditions of its neighbors w/o being dominated by them |
| Gentrification | A process of converting an urbanneighborhood from a pre-dominantly low-income renter-occupied area to predominantly middleclass owner-occupied area |
| Ghetto | An urban region marked by particular ethnic, racial, religious, and economic properties, usually a low-income area |
| Globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world-- and result in making something world-wide in scope |
| Gravity Model | A mosel that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the numberof people in a location and inversely related to the distance ppl must travel to reach the service |
| High-tech corridors | areas along or near ajor transprotation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-tech products. these areas develp because of the netwoking of concentrating high tech enterprises in close prroximity to one another. "Silicon Valley" |
| Hinterland | Surrounding area served by an urban area |
| Megalopolis | Term used Ito designate large connected super-cities that are forming in diverse parts of the world. |
| Metropolitan Area or urban Area_ | Entire built city non-rural area and its population |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | a model of the internal sturcture of sities in which social groups are arranged around a collections of nodes of activities |
| Multiplier Effect | Expansion of economic activity caused by the growth or introduction of another economic activity. |
| Primate City | A country's largerst city - ranking atop the urban hierarchy - most expressive of the national culture and usually the capital city as well |
| Rank Size Rule | a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest is 1/n the population of the largets settlement |
| Redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries |
| Sector Model | a model of the internal structure of a city in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges radiating out from the CBD |
| Site | the physical character of a place |
| Situation | the location of a place relative to other places |
| Squatter settlement | an area within a city in LDC in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures |
| Threshold | the minimum number of ppl needed to support the service |
| Range | maximum distance ppl are willing to travel to use a service |
| annexation | legally adding land area to a city in the US |
| apartheid | laws in south africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas |
| antecedent boundary | political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area |
| balkanization | process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| buffer state | a country or zone separating ideaological or political adverseries. ex. Nepal, Mongolia, Bhutan |
| Centrifugal Forces | a term employed to designate forces that tend to divide a country(religious, ethinic differences) |
| Centripetal Forces | forces that unite and bind a country together - ex. widespread commitment to national culture, and a common faith |
| city-state | sovereign state compromising a city and its immediate hinterland. ex. Singapore |
| compact state | state in which distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
| colonialism | attempt by 1 country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principle in another territory |
| Berlin conference | european powers in late 19th century divided the continent of africa for their economic gain w/o regards for the indigenous ppl that lived there |
| devolution | process whereby regions w/i the state demand and gain political strength and growing aoutonomy at the expense of the central gvmnt |
| domino theory | belief that political destabilization in 1 country can result in the collapse of order in the neighboring state, starting a chain reaction of collapse |
| elongated state | state whose territory is long and narrow in that its length is at least 6 times greater than its average width. Ex. Chile and Vietnam |
| Enclave | piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it not a part |
| exclave | bounded piece of territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated from it by another territory of another state |
| Ethnic Cleansing/Genocide | slaughter and forced removal of one ethnic grp from its homes and lands by another ethnic group |
| Federal State | an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local gvmnt |
| forward capital | capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near international border; confirms the state's determination to maintain its presences in the region in contention |
| fragmented state | a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| geopolitics | study of the interplay btwn international political relations and the territorial/environmental context in which they occur |
| gerrymander | proccess of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
| microstate | a state that encompasses a very small land area |
| nation | legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language,ethnicity, religion, and other shared attributes |
| nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| relic boundary | a political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape |
| self determination | concepts that ethincities have theright to govern themselves |
| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| subsequent boundary | a pollitical boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of the cultural landscape through which it passes |
| supranationalism | venture involving three or more national states involving formal political, economic, and cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. ex. NAFTA, EU |
| superimposed | a political boundary placed by powerful outsiders ona developed human landscape. Ignores preexisting cultural-spatial patterns |
| State | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established gvmnt w/ control over its internal and foreigh affairs |
| prorupted state | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting expansion |
| perforated state | state tha completely surrounds another one |
| theocracy | ruled by religious dictator. Ex. IRAN |
