| A | B |
|---|
| What are large protein molecules produced by body cells? | Enzymes |
| _________ are biological __________ that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product. | Enzymes/ Catalysts. |
| Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes, also known as ___________. That break down ______________________. | Hydrolases./ Organic food molecules. |
| What breaks down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds to cleave the bonds between the monomers? | Hydrolases (enzyme) |
| What 2 factors (environmental conditions) are necessary for an enzyme to function optimally? | Temperature and pH. |
| T/F.? Each enzyme within hydrolysis has its preferred environment to function optimally. | True |
| What digests starch? | Salivary Amylase. |
| What does the IKI Assay detect the presence of? | Strach |
| What does the Benedict's Assay detect the presence of? | Reducing Sugars. (like- Glucose or Maltose) |
| What are the digestive products of starch? | Glucose and Maltose. |
| What synthetic protein is used in the Lab experiment for protein digestion by Pepsin? | BAPNA |
| In the Pepsin Digestion of Protein what is used to measure the amount of BAPNA within a solution.? | Optical Density. |
| In the Pancreatic Lipase Digestion of fats experiment, what is used to record the data.? | The drop in pH (more acidic) |
| Fats/Oils must first be broken down into fat droplets by __________. Which is a process known as __________________. | Bile/ Emulsification. |
| After Fats/Oils are broken down through Emulsification, the fat oil droplets are then broken down further into _____________ and _____________, by ____________. | Monoglycerides/ Fatty Acids/ Lipase. |
| ______________ is an important means of food propulsion in the small intestines, by mixing of foodstuff with digestive juices to increase the rate of absorption by continually moving chyme over the intestinal wall. | Segmentation. |
| Name the 5 functions of the GI tract. | Digestio, absorption, excretion, secretion, and motility. |
| Name the accessory organs within the digestive system. | Teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| What starts the hydrolysis of sugars within the GI tract? | Salivary Amylase |
| Define Hydrolysis. | The usage of water to break down molecules. |
| What is the pH within the mouth? What enzymes are used there? What do these enzymes break down? | 6.5-7.5 pH/ Salivary Amylase/ Monosaccharides and Disaccharide's. |
| What is the pH within the stomach?/ What enzymes are used there and what do they break down? | 1.5-4 pH/ Gastric Peptidase- breaks down Amino Acid Chains. |
| What is the pH within the Small Intestine?/ What enzyme is there and what does it break down? | 7.5-8.5 pH/ Pancreatic Amylase, Pancreatic Peptidase, and Pancreatic Lipase- Break down sugars, Amino Acids, and Fatty Acids. |
| What has the most basic pH within the GI? | Small Intestine. |
| What Ion has a 2.5 million fold difference in concentration across the mucosa cells of the stomach? | Bicarbonate Ion |
| What does Eructation mean? | Swallowing |
| Define Peristalsis. | The movement of food down the esophagus by the wave of relaxation followed by a wave of contraction. |
| Define how the esophagus is structured. | Top 1/3rd is Skeletal muscle.. Middle 1/3rd is Skeletal and Smooth Muscle.. Lower 1/3rd is Smooth muscle. |
| Define Mastication. | The process of chewing up and grinding down food. |
| Define Gastric Rugae. | Gastric folds within the stomach that allow for it to stretch and they create a higher surface area for nutrient absorption. |
| Define Peptidase. | An enzyme that uses hydrolysis to break down amino acid chains. |
| Define Brush-border enzyme. (Give an example of one) | Digestive enzymes located in the membrane of the brush border (microvilli) on intestinal epithelial cells. They increase SA for absorption of digested food. (Lactase enzyme) |
| Define Chylomicron. | A lipoprotein that contains triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoproteins. They transport lipids from the SI to the Lymphatic system then to the liver and rest of body. |
| How does the Parasympathetic Nervous system control Salivation? | AcH binds to Muscarinic G-protein receptors. This increases IP3 which stimulates Ca2+ in the Smooth ER to open Cl- and K+ channels, water then follows making the saliva "Isotonic" to blood/ BUT later when it goes through the salivary duct all ions are removed and the saliva is then "Hypotonic" to blood. |
| What part of the autonomic nervous system will increase contractions of the GI tract? | Parasympathetic NS. |
| Name the Layers of the stomach from the inside to the outside. | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa (3 muscles), and then the Adventitia. |
| Name the 5 Main Gastric cells within the Mucosa Layer of the Stomach AND give their functions.... | Parietal Cells- Secrete HCL/ Chief cells- Secretes Pepsinogen (which is a precursor to Pepsin-digests proteins)/ Mucous cells- Secrete Mucous/ G-Cells- Secrete Gastrin./ ECL Cells- Secrete Histamine |
| What Cranial Nerve stimulates Motility? | Vagus N. |
| Which of the Main Gastric cells are stimulated by the Vagus Nerve? | G Cells and ECL Cells. |
| When we smell food the stomach goes through the ________ phase. Parasympathetic stimulation from via the _________ nerve and _____________ receptors causes the activation of ________ ATPase pumps within the cell membranes of Parietal cells. These cells secrete ____ ions in exchange for _____ ions, decreasing the pH of the stomach. | Cephalic./ Vagus/ AcH/ H+ and K+/ H+/ K+ |
| T/F.? Gastrin glands contain parietal cells. | True |
| Name 3 chemical messengers that increase the release of HCl by Parietal cells. | AcH, Gastrin, and Histamine. |
| What stimulates Pepsinogen to create Pepsin? | HCL |
| T/F.? Parietal cells are located within gastric pits. | True |
| An increase in H+ or peptides will cause the ___ cells of the duodenum to release ______. | I cells/ CCK |
| What stimulates the exocrine glands of the pancreas to release bicarbonate rich fluid, to reduce the pH of the duodenum chyme? | CCK |
| What hormone inhibits Gastric emptying so the release of "acidic chyme" from the stomach to the duodenum is slowed? | CCK |
| What hormone duplicates the functions of CCK? | Secretin. |
| What hormone in the duodenum targets endocrine cells in the pancreas and causes the release of Insulin? | GIP |
| List 3 Duodenal hormones. | GIP/ CCK/ and Secretin. |
| T/F.? In the Gastric Phase- Peptides stimulate G cells to release Gastrin and increase Pepsinogen release. And Chyme is gradually released into the duodenum. | True |
| Which duodenal hormones inhibit chief cells, parietal cells, peristalsis, and gastric emptying? | CCK and Secretin. |
| The creation of stomach acid by parietal cells uses what mode of action for transport? | Primary Active transport and Facilitated diffusion. |
| Explain the cascade of events that take place when the vagus nerve stimulates G cells. | AcH binds to the G cells from Vagus nerve stimulation. The G Cells then release Gastrin, which then acts on ECL cells which release Histamine. The Histamine then acts on the Parietal cells to secrete HCL.. |
| _________ emulsifies fats and facilitates hydrolysis. | Bile |
| ________ are excellent at solubilizing phospholipids. . | Bile salts. |
| What are the folds within the SI that have microvilli on them? | Plicae circulares |
| Name the 4 Small Intestinal Cell types. | Absorptive cells, Intestinal cells, Duodenal cells, and Goblet cells. |
| Define Intestinal Crypts. | Tubular structure composed of cells that function for cell replacement. |
| Define Lacteal. | The Smallest lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats. |
| List 3 molecules that are absorbed in the SI./ Name 3 molecules absorbed by the Large Intestine.. | Glucose, Galactose, and Amino Acids./ Water, Minerals, and Electrolytes. |
| What is the difference between Segmentation and Peristalsis.? | Segmentation- mixes chyme back and forth to expose it to the luminal epithelium/ Peristalsis- Moves chyme forward from a wave of relaxation, followed by a contraction. |
| What are Kupffer cells.? | Resident macrophages within the liver that clear damaged cells and bacteria from the blood. |
| Define Amphipathic. (example) | A molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. (Bile Salts) |
| _________ is known as when epithelial cells of intestinal crypts can secrete ions and water back into the lumen of the SI. | Cholera. |
| Which layer of the GI tract is composed of connective tissue containing larger blood and lymph vessels? | Submucosa |
| T/F.? Fats bypass the Liver and enter the blood stream. | True |
| T/F.? All nutrients absorbed in villus capillaries go through the hepatic portal vein and liver before entering the blood. | False- Lipid soluble nutrients bypass the Liver. |
| _________ are longitudinal smooth muscle bands within the Large Intestine. | Haustrum (Segmentation) |
| Each Liver "Lobule" is organized with a Portal Triad, which contains ___________________. | The Hepatic Portal vein, The Hepatic Artery, and the Central Vein. |
| Hepatocytes near the Central vein are specialized for ____________. | Detoxification. |
| Name three functions of the Liver. | Nutrient usage, storage and Distribution. Detoxifies our blood/ Secretes Bile from gallbladder. |
| Peptidase, is a class of enzymes. Name two peptidases. | Pepsin and Trypsin. |
| What is Trypsin, How is it created and what is its function? | It is a Peptidase (enzyme)./ Created= Pancreas secretes Trypsinogen, which is then converted into Trypsin by Brush Border Enzymes./ It Functions to activate other digestive enzymes and hydrolyzes proteins into amino acids. |
| Name the 3 phases of digestion. | Cephalic Phase (Preparation for food reaching the stomach)/ Gastric Phase (Food arrives in stomach), and Intestinal Phase (Absorption and Motility). |
| The _______ uses bacterial hydrolysis. | Large Intestine |
| T/F.? The bacteria within the large intestine provide us with additional nutrients that we are not able to extract from food. | TRUE |
| What 3 neural control systems are required for successful bowel control (Defecation)? | The Enteric N.S., The Parasympathetic N.S., and voluntary motor pathways of the Somatic N.S.. |
| __________ are exocytosed into the lacteal of the Lymphatic system. | Chylomicrons. |
| Which hormone inhibits the stomach from secreting H+ ions ? | GIP |
| Involuntary Contraction controls the ____________ sphincter. | Internal |
| Voluntary contraction controls the _______________ sphincter. | External |
| Name 2 factors that play a role within the efficiency of digestive enzymes. | Temperature and pH |
| What is the optimal pH for Lipase? | 7.0 |
| What does IKI stand for and what does it test for? | Iodine Potassium Iodide- Tests for Starch |
| What did the Benedict's Tests, Test for? | Reducing Sugars. |
| What was the spectrophotometer used for in lab? | Testing for Protein digestion. |
| What was the pH meter used for in lab? | Testing for fatty acids. (measuring the level of Hydrogen ions) |
| Name 3 examples of the physical process of digestion. | Mastication, emulsification, and segmentation. |
| __________ are larger protein molecules produced by body cells. They are biological ____________ that increase the rate of a chemical reaction. | Enzymes/ Catalysts. |
| T/F.? Cardiac muscle is striated like skeletal muscle but involuntary like smooth muscle. | True |
| T/F.? Gap junctions are important for cardiac muscle function because they allow for AP's to spread throughout the muscle. | True |
| The Right Atrioventricular (AV) Valve, is also known as the ____________ valve. | Tricuspid Valve |
| The Left (AV) Valve is also known as the ________ valve. | Bicuspid Valve. |
| Where does the Right Atrium "receive" blood from? Is it oxygenated or deoxygenated? Where does this blood exit into? | The Superior and Inferior Vena Cava!/ Deoxygenated./ Exits from the Right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Arteries. |
| The Atria receive blood from the _______ system. Whereas the Ventricles pump blood to the ________. | Venous/Arteries. |
| Systole refers to the ____________ phase./ Diastole refers to the ____________ phase. | Contraction/ Relaxation. |
| T/F.? Both atria contract simultaneously. | True |
| ________________ is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of relaxation. | End diastolic volume. |
| ________________ is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during each contraction. | Stoke Volume |
| ________________ is the amount of blood left in the ventricles at the end of contraction. | End systolic volume. |
| As the Ventricles begin to contract, pressure rises, which closes the AV valves. This is known as ____________________. | Isovolumetric contraction. |
| T/F.? When all valves within the heart are closed, the ventricles undergo "Isovolumetric Relaxation". | True. |
| In Systole (0.3 sec.) the ____________ are contracting and the ______________ are relaxing. | Ventricles/ Atria's. |
| In Diastole (0.5 sec.) the _____________ are contracting and the _________________ are relaxing. | Atria's/ Ventricles. |
| What are the 2 cardiac circuits within the heart and which parts of the heart pump blood into each? | Pulmonary Circuit- Blood is pumped into this circuit via the Right ventricle into the Pulmonary Arteries./ The Systemic Circuit- Blood is pumped into the circuit via the Left Ventricle through the Aorta. |
| The Pulmonary Veins empty into the ____________. | Left Atrium. |
| Ventricles relax and fill in the _________ phase. | Diastole phase |
| The Atria relax and fill in the _________ phase. | Diastole phase. |
| During _______ the atria and ventricles of your heart relax and begin to fill with blood. | Diastole Phase. |
| ___________ sends its blood into the ventricles. | Atrial Systole. |
| How does the "LUB" "DUB" sound relate to the cardiac cycle? | LUB= 1st sound produced by the Closing of the AV valves/ DUB= 2nd sound produced by the Closing of the Semilunar Valves. |
| During _______, Pressure is High and the Volume is Low. | Systole. |
| During ________, Pressure is Low and Volume is High. | Diastole. |
| Intraventricular pressure ______ when ventricles contract. | Rises |
| Intraventricular pressure _______ when ventricles relax. | Drops |
| Define Heart Murmur.. | Murmurs caused by "Septal Defects". Holes in the Septum between the let and right sides of the heart. (Defects between 2 Ventricles or 2 Atriums) |
| 1st degree AV block is a block in the ________ node. | AV node |
| T/F.? In a 1st Degree AV block, the Atriums will depolarize, but the Ventricles will not. | True |
| Which of the 2 circuits in the Cardiovascular system has High BP?... Low BP? | High BP= Systemic Circuit/ Low BP= Pulmonary Circuit |
| Where is the AV node?.. SA Node? | In the right Atrium/ On Top of Right Atrium |
| Systole on the ECG is what segment?/ Diastole on the the ECG is what segment? | Systole= Peak of R-to-the Peak of T/ Diastole= The Peak of T- to the Peak of R. |
| T/F.? Chronotropic effect= changes in the HR by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS.. What neurotransmitters are used in each? | Sympath- Norepinephrine/ Parasymp- ACh |
| What is slower, the myocardial action potential or the heart contraction? | Heart rate contraction. |
| What do the different wave forms represent in the ECG? | P Wave- Depolarization of Both Atria/ QRS Complex- Depolarization of Both Ventricles./ T Wave- Ventricular Repolarization. |
| Contractility of Myocardial cells is innvervated by the _____________ N.S. | Sympathetic |
| The ________ effect is a result of ACh and NE binding to cells of the SA Node in the heart. | Chronotropic. |
| __________ is affected by changing the rate of membrane voltage depolarization's, during the pacemaker potential. | HR |
| The Chronotropic effect increases HR by the innervation of the _______________ N.S.. This system releases ____________ and it binds to ___________ receptors. The binding with these receptors stimulates ___________ channels. | Sympathetic/ Norepinephrine/ B1 Adrenergic receptors/ Phosphorylated ion channels. (HCN) |
| The ________________ N.S. releases _______, which binds to ____________ receptors. This binding decreases HR by stimulating _________ channels. | Parasympathetic/ ACh/ Muscarinic G-protein/ GIRK (K+) |
| What are 3 variables that determine SV? | Total peripheral resistance, Contractility, and EDV |
| T/F.? The Venous circuit has low BP and larger diameters than Arteries. | True. |
| Peripheral resistance is affected by ___________, ________________, and _______________. | Vascular radius, Vascular Length, and Blood viscosity. |
| _______________ adjust the flow of blood into the capillaries. | Pre-capillary sphincters. |
| The strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with EDV, is known as ___________________. | Frank Starling Law of the Heart |
| T/F.? As EDV increases, myocardium is stretched more, causing greater contraction and SV. This is known as what? | True/ Frank Starling Law of the Heart. |
| Ejection Fraction= ? | SV/EDV |
| Strength of contraction varies directly with ______. | EDV |
| What is the Inotropic effect? What causes it? | A change in the contraction of the heart./ NE and Epi have a positive Inotropic effect- increase HR and Contractility. |
| _________ is the amount of blood that returns to the heart during Diastole./ This is influenced by _______________________________. | Venous return./ The absolute volume of blood within the body. |
| "Stroke Volume is dependent upon venous return"= ______________________. | Frank Starling law of the heart. |
| __________ regulate short term BP changes. | Arterial Baroreceptors. |
| __________ speeds the deactivation of ____________ channels, decreasing the duration of ____________. | Epinephrine/HCN/Hyperpolarization. |
| __________ promotes the opening of more K+ channels, which ________________ HR. | ACh/ Decreases |
| Stroke Volume is directly proportional to ________________ and _____________________. | Preload/Contractility. |
| EDV=_________ on heart, prior to contraction/ Total Peripheral Resistance= __________ which impedes ejection from the ventricle. | Preload/ Afterload |
| Venous return controls ____________, ______________, and____________. | EDV, SV, and CO |
| Name 4 things that Venous return is dependent upon. | Blood Volume, Venous Pressure, Skeletal muscle pump, and Vasoconstriction from Sympathetic N.S.. |
| ________ are called "Capacitance Vessels". | Veins |
| ________ has higher "Compliance" than _________. | Veins/ Arteries. |
| _____% of our total blood is found within the venous system. | 70% |
| Where are Arterial Baroreceptors found in the body? | In the Carotid Sinus and Aortic Arch... |
| Baroreceptors that are activated send AP's through Sensory Fibers from the Carotid Sinus and Aortic Arch to the _________, where it synapses into the ______________ and then again synapses into the __________________. | Medulla Oblongata/ Hypothalamus/ Cerebrum. |
| Where is most of the bodies water located? | In the Intracellular compartment. (2/3rds) |
| What % of body fluid is found in the plasma? | 20% |
| Approximately how much water do you intake in a day, and how much do you lose and how? | Intake- 1.5-2.5 L/ Lose- about 2 Liters/ How- through feces, urine, sweat, kidneys, and lungs. |
| What do Endothelial cells release under shear stress?/ What does this do? | NO- Nitric Oxide/ Relaxes smooth muscle and increases vessel diameter. |
| What force pushes fluid out of the capillaries?/ What force draws fluid into capillaries? | Hydro-static pressure/ Osmotic Pressure. (Albumin) |
| T/F.? The Lymphatic System recovers fluid from tissues./ If this were to become blocked, then _______ could occur. | True/ Edema.(swelling) |
| Name the fluid compartments of the body and what they consist of. | Intracelluar Compartment- Cytosol/ Extra-cellular Compartment- Interstitial fluid and Blood Plasma. |
| What is blood composed of? | Plasma- Water, Proteins, Nutrients, Hormones, and Electrolytes./ White BC/ Red BC |
| Name three different types of Blood Plasma Proteins and what they do... | 1.) Albumin- Draws water back into capillaries to maintain blood volume/pressure. 2.) Globulins- they carry lipids 3.) Fibrinogen- blood clotting factor. |
| __________ creates a "colloid osmotic pressure" | Albumin |
| Gamma Globulins are ________________. | Antibodies. |
| Erythrocyes are __________ and Luekocytes are ___________. | RBC/ WBC |
| T/F.? Erythrocytes and Leukocytes have No Mitochondria or Nuclei. | True/ False Leukocytes DO have mitochondria and a nucleus. |
| Each RBC contains about _________ million hemoglobin proteins. | 280 |
| __________________ help detoxify foreign substances and release Heparin (anticoagulant)./ Give three examples of these. | Granular Leukocytes/ Neutrophils, Basohpils and Eosinophils. |
| Thrombocytes are also known as ____________. They are the smallest of the formed elements and they release _____________ to vasocontrict and reduce blood flow to clots. | Platelets./ Serotonin. |
| The edges of _______________ break off to form cell fragments called ________________. | Megakaryocytes/ Platelets. |
| ______________ is known as the process of blood cell development in the bone marrow./ The blood cell development of WBC is called ___________ and ___________ Stimulate the process.... Whereas, the blood cell development of RBC is called______________ and ____________________ stimulate the process. | Hematopoiesis./ Leukopoiesis- stimuated by Cytokines/ Erythropoiesis- stimulated by EPO (Erythroprotein) |
| If different blood types are mixed, antibodies will cause the mixture to _______________. | Agglutinate. |
| T/F.? Type O blood has neither A or B Antigens, AND this is why it is considered the Universal Donor. | True |
| Type ______ Blood is the Universal Donor and Type ______ blood is the Universal Recipient. | O/ AB |
| The lymph vessels join with the circulatory system at the ___________ and __________ Vena Cavae. | Superior and Inferior |
| When you exercise Cardiac Output and blood flow to the skeletal muscles and skin ___________, and blood flow to the brain, viscera and kidneys ____________. | Increases/ Decreases. |
| Why is it dangerous to have untreated hypertension? | Can lead to atherosclerosis, Increases workload of heart= heart failure, and damages cerebral blood vessels (Stroke). |
| ________________ occurs when cardiac output is insufficient to maintain blood flow required by body. | Congestive Heart Failure. |
| _______________ is the hardening of the arteries from plaque build up from LDL. | Atherosclerosis. |
| What regulates (MAP) Mean Arterial Blood Pressure? | Sympathetic N.S. and Arterial Baroreceptors. |
| What is the equation for Mean Arterial Blood Pressure? | MAP= DP + (SP - DP)/3 |
| Difference between Internal and External Respiration is.? | Internal occurs within the cell, External occurs outside of the cell. |
| T/F.? Boyles Law states that Volume and Pressure are "Inversely" related. (As the Volume goes UP, the Pressure goes DOWN) | True |
| When you inhale you are increases thoracic volume which decreases thoracic pressure, therefore the pressure gradient from the atmosphere and your insides allow air to flow into your lungs. This is known as _______________. | Boyles Law. |
| Exhalation requires the _____________ of the lungs and not any muscles. It also does NOT require ATP, making it a ___________ process. | Elasticity./ Passive. |
| Name the 4 Processes of External Respiration and state their driving forces. | 1.) Pulmonary Ventilation (Atmospheric pressure) 2.) Exchange of O2 and Co2 between Air and Blood (Diffusion) 3.) Transport Via Blood (Hydro-static Pressure) 4.) Exchange of O2 and Co2 between Blood and Tissues (Diffusion). |
| List 3 Functions of the Respiratory System. | 1.) Ventilation 2.) Gas Exchange 3.) Co2 Regulation and pH |
| Name the two Respiratory zones and what constitutes them. | Conducting Zone- Trachea, Primary Bronchii, Bronchial tree, and terminal bronchioles/ Respiratory Zone- Alveoli |
| The ________ Pleura is attached to the Lungs and the _______ pleura is attached to the Chest wall. | Visceral/ Parietal |
| Name some muscles that are at work during Ventilation. | Diaphragm, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalene muscles and External/Internal Intercostals. |
| Name 3 things that Affect Ventilation. | Lung Compliance, Elasticity, and Surface Tension. |
| ________ is known as, the tendency of molecules in a fluid to be pulled toward the center of the fluid. | Surface Tension |
| ____________ is known as, the ease with which the lungs will rebound after being stretched. | Elasticity. |
| ___________ is known as, A measure of the lungs ability to stretch or expand. | Lung Compliance. |
| What is DPPC? | A Surfactant (lipid molecule) that breaks up Surface Tension. |
| The diaphragm ___________ during inhalation. | Contracts (goes down) |
| T/F.? An Unforced Exhale uses NO muscles. | True |
| What muscles are used during an Unforced Inhale? | External Intercostals and the Diaphragm. |
| T/F.? Inspiration is an active process that requires ATP. | True, because it uses muscles! |
| Muscle Contraction and relaxation changes thoracic __________ and ____________. | Volume/ Pressure. |
| At REST the Atmospheric pressure is @ ______mmHg and the Intrapulmonary pressure is _______ mmHg... But the Intrapleural Pressure is _______ mmHg. | 760mmHg/ 760mmHg/ 756mmHg |
| During INHALATION, the Atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg. What is the Intrapulmonary Pressure?... What is the Intrapleural Pressure? | Intrapulmonary Pressure= 757mmHg/ Intrapleural Pressure= 754 mmHg |
| T/F.? During Inhalation the Intrapulmonary Pressure and Intrapleural Pressure Drops. | True |
| T/F.? During Exhalation, the Intrapulmonary Pressure drops and the Intrapleural Pressure goes Up. | False/ Both Pressures goes UP on an exhale because they need to be higher than atmospheric pressure. |
| What are the 2 Main classes of Pulmonary Disease?.. State its distinguishing characteristic and Give an example of each... | Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- Where the Lungs lose their "Elasticity" and have difficulty breathing OUT. Ex= Emphysema and Asthma// Restrictive Pulmonary Disease- Where the Lungs lose their Compliance and cannot fully fill. Ex= Obesity and Muscular Dystrophy. |
| Emphysema is characterized in the Loss of __________ and the decrease in lung ___________. | Surface Area/ Elasticity. |
| T/F.? Partial Pressure of O2 goes Up in higher elevations. | False/ Goes DOWN |
| The Rate of Diffusion is affected by what 3 things? | Partial Pressure Gradient, Available Surface Area, and the Thickness of the Membrane. |
| A ______ change in diameter causes a ______ change in Resistance.. This is an (Linear or Exponential) Relationship.? | Small/ Large/ Exponential. |
| Sympathetic Stimulation from in the Bronchioles causes ______________. | Bronchioldialation. |
| What constitutes one Cardiac Cycle on the ECG? | P wave to P wave. |
| What electrical and mechanical events take place during the R Wave of an ECG? | Electrical- Ventricular Depolarization/ Mechanical- Ventricular Contraction. |
| ________ is the force that blood exerts on against the blood vessel walls. | Blood Pressure |
| _____________ is the opposition to blood flow resulting from the friction developed, as blood streams through blood vessels. | Peripheral Resistance. |
| _____________ is the most important factor in blood flow control. | Peripheral Resistance. |
| The relationship between fluid flow and flow tube Radius is ____________________. | Exponential. |
| Blood Viscosity would ___________ in conditions of Dehydration, resulting in a ______________ in blood flow. | Increase/ Decrease. |
| __________ is the amount of blood pumped per contraction of each ventricle. | Stroke Volume |
| ___________ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. | Cardiac Output. |
| When HR is increased, the time of ventricular filling is ____________, which in turn ___________ the stroke volume. | Decreased/ Increases |
