| A | B |
|---|
| The Renaissance in Europe encompassed the years | 1300-1600 |
| When an author writes in the everyday language of his or her homeland, we say that the author uses the | humanist style |
| The Renaissance started in the region of | northern Italy |
| In the Middle Ages, people worked for the glory of who | God |
| In the Renaissance, people worked for the glory of the | individual |
| family that ruled Florence in its golden age | Medici |
| Sistine Chapel | Michelangelo |
| The Age of Exploration was from 1500 to | 1800 |
| Martin Luther-to attain salvation | have faith |
| Country of origin of the Lutherans | Germany |
| Lutherans-Christian living is governed by | Bible |
| In the 15/16 C. a Protestant was | opposed Catholic Church teachings |
| The Council of Trent | set down the basic beliefs of Catholicism |
| The Act of Supremacy increased the power of | the English king and pope |
| main religion of Spain | Catholicism |
| reason for Spain being important in the 15/16 C. | gold and silver from the Americas |
| conquered the Inca | Spanish conquistador Pizarro |
| wars fought in Europe between 1550 to 1650 | fought over religion |
| Protestants fought Catholics in these places | Netherlands, France, Germany |
| leader in banking 1600 in Europe | Netherlands |
| Spain's economy in poor shape in 1650 | inflation |
| Renaissance | period of rebirth of culture and artistic creativity beginning in about 1300 |
| fresco | painting done on wet plaster |
| vernacular | everyday language of one' homeland |
| humanist | scholar who studied classical texts |
| Leonardo da Vinci | artist, engineer, architect of Renaissance period |
| Giotto di Bondone | painter who began revolution in art by painting realistic people |
| Dante Alighieri | Poet who wrote in the vernacular |
| The Divine Comedy | Dante's masterpiece |
| Francesco Petrarch | poet and letter writer whose work reflected a modern, simple style |
| The Courtier | book by Castiglione outlining ideal accomplishments and behavior for men and women |
| Isabella d'Este | outstanding Renaissance woman in northern Italy |
| Quatrocento | the 1400's |
| perspective | technique that gave objects the appearance of distance |
| Cosimo de Medici | wealthy ruler of Florence for 30 years |
| Lorenzo de Medici | Cosimo's grandson and leader of Florence |
| Ghiberti | created bronze doors for Baptistry in Florence |
| Brunelleschi | architect who built dome on Cathedral of Florence |
| Donatello | sculptor of lifelike statues |
| Masaccio | developed concept of perspective |
| Machiavelli | author of treatise The Prince |
| Pope Julius II | pope who undertook beatification of Rome |
| Michelangelo | painter of Sistine Chapel ceiling and creator of powerful sculpture |
| Raphael | great painter whose paintings transformed the library of Julius II into a kind of Renaissance hall of fame |
| "The Last Supper" | painting of Jesus and the 12 apostles by Leonardo do Vinci |
| Durer | popular German engraver who helped spread Renaissance styles to northern Europe |
| Holbein | German realist painter |
| Jan van Eyck | Flemish realist who used color to create perspective |
| Pieter Bruegel | Flemish painter of scenes from everyday life |
| monopoly | compete control of trade |
| caravel | new sailing vessel designed for ocean travel |
| compass | instrument used to indicate direction |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | patron of explorers, member of Portugal's royal family |
| Dias | Portuguese captain who sailed to the southernmost tip of Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese captain who reached India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope |
| Columbus | exploer who reached the Americas (actually the Bahamas) |
| Vespucci | Florentine merchant who described Brazilian coastline (America's named after hime) |
| Balboa | explorer who discovered Pacific Ocean |
| Line of Demarcation | line dividing newly found lands between Spain and Portugal |
| Magellan | explorer whose expedition rounded the globe |
| Northwest Passage | easier, more direct route to the Pacific |
| dissenter | people who shought freedom to practice their religious beliefs |
| epidemic | rapid spreading of disease |
| Verranzano | French-sponsored explorer who discovered what is now New York Harbor |
| Jacques Cartier | explorer who sailed St. Lawrence River and claimed region around Montreal for France |
| Samuel de Champlain | French explorer who founded Quebec, mapped eastern Canada and cooperated with Native Americans in the fur trade |
| LaSalle | sailed down the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico and claimed region for France |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | English adventurer who founded unsuccessful colonies on Roanoke Island |
| John Cabot | merchant who discovered Newfoundland and made first English claim in America |
| Francis Drake | English sea captain who circled globe and claimed California |
| Jamestown | first successful English colony in America |
| Henry Hudson | discoverer of Hudson River who started Dutch fur trade |
| Scientific Revolution | radical change in the way of thinking |
| utopia | a nearly perfect society |
| indulgence | pardon from the Church |
| Reformation | religious crisis in the Roman Catholic Church |
| Protestant | Christians who turned away from the Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | German monk who challenged the Church and started Protestant Reformation |
| Diet of Worms | assembly at which Luther and his ideas were on trial |
| Savonarola | Italian friar who called for reform |
| Erasmus | Christian humanist who wrote "In raise of Folly" |
| Thomas More | Christian humanist who wrote "Utopia" |
| Utopia | book about a nearly perfect society |
| Gutenberg | German printer who used movable type to print Bible |
| Charles V | Holy Roman emperor who condemned Luther as a heretic |
| Hapsburg family | powerful Austrian family from which most Holy Roman emperors were chosen |
| elect | according to Calvin, the few people who will be saved from sin by God's grace |
| predestination | Calvin's doctrine holding that God has known from the geginning of time who will be saved |
| theocracy | government controlled by church leaders |
| presbyters | laymen who governed community churches in Scotland |
| Huguenot | French Calvinist |
| Henry VIII | Tudor king of England who began Church of England |
| Catherine of Aragon | first wife of Henry VIII |
| Anne Boleyn | second wife of Henry VIII |
| Reformation Parliament | parliament that met at the king's summons from 1529-1536 |
| Edward VI | Henry's son and successor; staunch Protestant |
| Mary Tudor | Edward's half-sister and successor; Catholic who returned English Church to the rule of pope |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England who restored Protestantism |
| John Calvin | French religious reformer |
| John Knox | preacher who spread Calvinism to Scotland |
| Counter-Reformation | Protestant name for the period of Catholic Church reform |
| Ignatius Loyola | founder of the Jesuits |
| Society of Jesus | monastic order founded by Loyola |
| Council of Trent | meeting at which Catholic leaders drew up doctrines reforming the Church |
| Index of Forbidden Books | list of books dangerous to the Catholic faith |
| Peace of Augsburg | agreement allowing each German prince to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism |
| geocentric theory | theory that the Earth was the center of the universe |
| heliocentric theory | theory that the Sun was the center of the universe |
| scientific method | logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas |
| Copernicus | Polish scholarwho theorized that Earth and other planets moved around the sun |
| Brahe | Danish astronomer who recorded movements of planets and stars |
| Kepler | astronomer who confirmed Copernicus' ideas of planetary motion |
| Starry Messenger | book by Galileo describing his astronomical findings |
| Vesalius | Flemish doctor who studied human anatomy |
| Harvey | English doctor who studied the circulation of human blood |
| Leeuwenhoek | Used a microscope to observe bacteria |
| Fahrenheit | German physicist who created first mercury thermometer |
| Celsius | Swedish astroner who created another scale for the mercury thermometer |
| Torricelli | developed the first mercury barometer |
| conquistador | Spanish fortune hunter |
| viceroy | Spanish nobleman who acted as royal agent |
| encomienda | privilege granted to certain settlers |
| Montezuma | emperor of the Aztec |
| Tenochtitlan | capital city of the Aztec |
| Cortes | conqueror of Aztec |
| Dona Marina | Native American woman who helped Cortes |
| New Spain | Spain's lands in North America |
| Pizarro | conqueror of the Inca |
| Atahualpa | Inca ruler killed by Pizarro |
| De Leon | first European to set foot on what is now the United States |
| De Vaca | officer who reached Mexico, told stories in Spain about Seven Cities of Cibola |
| Coronado | spaniard who claimed the Mississippi River for Spain |
| Valdivia | helped exted Spain's conquests in the Andes |
| Suarez | woman who helped conquer Chile for Spain |
| Philip II | king of Spain from 1556 to 1598, who ruled an empire that circled the globe |
| Escorial | Philip's palace |
| Battle of Lepanto | sea battle resulting in major victory for Christendom against the Muslims |
| the Armada | Spanish fleet sent by Philip II to dfeat Protestant England |
| El Greco | Greek-born artist whose major works were painted in Spain |
| Velazquez | painter of Spain's royal family |
| Cervantes | Spainsh author of "Don Quixote de la Mancha" |
| Don Quixote | character in Cervantes's book |
| Sancho Panza | Don Quixote's squire |
| republic | elective system of government |
| capitalism | economic system the goal of which is to make profits |
| capital | money invested in business ventures |
| profit | money remaining after all costs of a business are paid |
| Commercial Revolution | economic changes toward capitalism |
| the Netherlands | name given low marshland region between northern Germany and Northern France |
| Sea Beggars | angry Calvinists who rampaged through Catholic churches |
| William of Orange (the Silent) | Duthc leader of the revolt against Spain |
| stadtholder | elected governor of a province |
| Dutch East Indies Company | trading firm with all the powers of a sovereign state |
| Amsterdam | financial and commercial center of Europe by 1650 |
| Rembrandt | greatest Dutch painter during the 1600's |
| Ferdinand II | German-speaking Austrian Catholic king of Bohemia |
| Bohemia | Czech kingdom |
| Thirty Year's War | religious war lasting almost 30 years |
| Wallenstein | solder of fortune hired to fight for the Catholics in the Thirty Years' War |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish king who drove Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany |
| Treaty of Westphalia | ended the thirty Years' War |
