| A | B |
|---|
| G.I. Bill | :) servicemens readjustment act of 1994 provided education for the returning of WWII veterns also loans to buy homes and start buisnesses, significant because 2 million GIs attended college, giving access to many that had previously no chance at college |
| 22nd Amendment | :) They were the two groups in the senate that opposed US signing the Treaty of Versailles and consequential joining of the League of Nations. The reservationists said that they could accept the Treaty if certain changes to the League's charter regarding Article X which interfered with congressional power to declare war, were met, while the irreconcilables said that no matter the corrections made they would not ratify the Treaty. These groups of republicans defeated the treaty of Versailles, not once, but twice and so the U.S was never a part of the League of Nations, but is today a member of the UN. the 22second amendment limited the presients term to a two year term,This Amendment was a reaction to FDR's four elected terms, which broke the age-old tradition set by George Washington. George Washington set a two-term precedent |
| Dixiecrats | :) During the time period after WWII the Dixiecrats emerged. They are a political party that opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They causes a split in the democratic party. |
| Cold War | :) A political and military competition between the U.S and the Soviet Union that involved disagreements in communistic and democactic ideas, nuclear weapons, and foreign policies. It was significant because it made the U.S a continous world power and it set a precedent of nuclear weapons that are used in wars and also stopped communisim from reaching to the rest of Europe. |
| Iron Curtain | :) Former Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined the term iron curtain in a speech given in Mussouri. IN this speech he said that Stalin had drawn an iron curtain that separated Easter Europe from the Western world. He also urged the Western World to liberate the enslaved people of Eastern Europe from Communism. The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas in the post-WWII and Cold War era. The boundary lay vertically through the middle of Germany. On the west side was the Soviet Union, Poland, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Romania and West Germany, and on the east side was England, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and East Germany. This is important because it 1) acted as a buffer to help keep the Germans from attacking the Soviet Union and 2) it in a way cut the people of the east off from the rest of the world. |
| containment policy | :) A foreign policy developed by diplomat Kennan adopted as US Foreign policy from 1945- 1989 to prevent the spread of communism as response to spread of communism into China, Korea, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Vietnam. Policies focused mostly on financial aid with troop involvement in Vietnam and Korea. |
| Truman Doctrin | :) The truman doctrine economic and military aid greece and turkey in order to help them protect themselves from totalitaerian regimes. s- The truman doctrine provided aid to a foreign country that was subject to communism. it gained support from both republicans and democrats in congress. |
| Marshall Plan | :) program created during the Cold War, and it was a program giving economic aid to European Nations to revive their economies and strengthen their democratic governments. Over billions od dollars in aid was distributed in Western Europe and also to the Soviets but they refused. |
| N.A.T.O. | :) a military alliance that was made after the Cold War that defended all members of the alliance from outside attack, specifically from the Soviet Union and was significant because as the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact which was an alliance for the defense of Communist states against NATO members |
| House Un-American Activities Committee | :) Established in 1939 to seek out Nazis, was reactivated in the postwar years to find communists. Committee investigated government officials, organizations such as boy scouts and the film industry in Hollywood. lost freedom of expression and speech. It was a reaction to the red scare and pressure by the republican party. |
| "brinkmanship" | :) the practice of raising tension until you reach the very limits of saftey before stopping.This was significant because secretary of state John Dulles declared that if the U.S. used Brinkmanship against the communist, they would back down b/c of American nuclear superiority but Eisenhower prevented Dulles from carrying his ideas. |
| covert action | :) Using undercover intervention in the internal politics of other nations which became popular under Eisenhower as it seemed less objectionable than employing U.S troops and proved less expensive. For example, the CIA was active in the 1953 overthrow of the Iranian government that tried to nationalize the hold of foreign oil companies. In 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist government that threatened American business interests in Guatemala. |
| domino theory | :) Made by President Eisenhower: if S Vietnam fell under Communist Control, one nation after another in SE Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire danger that the othe would fallow like a domino, it was A 20th Century Foreign Policy theory that was promoted by the government of the US. |
| Suez Canal Crisis | :) Egypt had requested money from the US to build a dam on the Nile, the US refused so Egypt turned to the Russians who granted them some of the money they needed. in order for Egypt to obtain the rest of the money they took over the Suez canal which threatened Western Europe supply to middle eastern oil. Britain, France,and Israel took the canal back. Indication of the importance of financial aid in implementation of containment policy |
| Eisenhower Doctrine | :) promise of economic aid to countries who established democratic governments and were threatened by communism. It is signifigant becuase it caused America to pledge money to middle eastern countries even to this day to stop the spread of communism. Direct result of Suez Canal crisis |
| Sputnik | :) First satellite launched into orbit by the Soviet Union.It was important because it intensified U.S. fears of of nuclear war, It caused the U.S to compete with the Russians in the space race, and It caused congress to respond by creating NASA and NDEA which gave aid to schools for math, science and foreign education in an effort to build better missiles and explore outer space. |
| U2 incident | :) In 1960, two weeks before Eisenhower was scheduled to meet Khrushchev in Paris (a result of the "spirit of Camp David" which had diffused the tension caused by the Second Berlin crisis of 1958), a high-altitude U.S spy plane, a U-2, was shot down by the Soviets, exposing a U.S tactic for gaining information. The U.S had been sending these planes ever since the the Soviets had rejected the open-sky proposals in 1955. Eisenhower took responsibility after they were exposed by the U-2 incident, but Khrushchev had little choice but to denounce him and call off the Paris summit |
| military industrial complex | :) In eisenhowers farewell address, he talked of the negative effects of cold war, one of which included the arms race. he warned the nation to stand clear of allowing a military industrial complex to take over US. the idea of the military becoming the biggest importance for a nation might lead to US turning into a military, impreial, state as such americans belived during the 1960s. (s) IKE warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. |
| NAACP | :) Ational Association for the Advancement of Colored People, mainly focusing on desegregation of schools/public places in the 1950s; significant because they managed to overturn the plessy v ferguson case in the brown v board case and continued to use courst to achieve Civil Rights Objective |
| Beatniks | :) Group of 1950s rebellious writers and intellectuals who advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. Set stage for 1960s rebellions such as the sexual revolution. |
| OPEC | :) OPEC was created by Arab nations and Venezuela to control and this proved oil to be a critical foreign policy issue. Western dependency on middle East oil would prove to play key part of future pres foriegn policy |
| homogeneity | :) when a group of individuals lose their individuality and have the same styles much liek AMericans in the 1950s duering teh Cold War and Red Scare to avoid standing out and being accused of communism. Took place in the 1950's and recieved social backlash in the 1960's. |
| Bay of Pigs | :) failed us invasion on Cuba coordinated by the CIA and required the help of Cuban rebels. s- after the invasion cubas dictator fidel castro sought alliance with the soviet union which would later lead to the missile crisis. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) | :) the soviet union had missiles in cuba and so JFM threatened a full force attack, but he instead delivered a ultamatuium to the soviets regarding the use of missles. Soviet agreed to withdraw the missiles and JFK agreed to keep castro in powers in return and as welll as withdrawe missles in turkey. This was the closest to US and soviets coming close to nuclear war. |
| Rachel Carson; Silent Spring | :) Rachel Carson was a marine bio. that wrote and published silent spring. Her book addressed her concerns on the enviromental hazards of pesticides. Brought attention to the enviroment, clean air and water laws were established, EPA and catalyst to est of Environmental movement |
| 24th Amendment | :) It outlawed taxing of voters at presidential or congerssional elections as an effort to remove barriers on black voters and poor people as is protected by 13th 14th and 15th amendments |
| Watts Riots | :) The watts riots were riots that weere the results of a white police officer strikinh a black bystander during a protest. This triggers a violence and anger significantly revealing the resentment black felt toward treament toward them.It is allso signficant because it led to the kenner commission that the united states was becoming two societies "black and whites". |
| Warren Court | :) The Warren Court was the period of when Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and made many important decisions including the decisions to desegregate schools in Brown v Board of Education and was significant because it made changes in the criminal justice system, state political systems and the definition of individual rights. |
| counterculture | :) Counterculture refurs to a time period during the 60's when teens and young adults rebelled against mainstream. They advocated civil right for all citizens including blacks, women, and gays. This countercolture is opposite to the homogeneous culture of the 1950's. |
| N.O.W. (National Organization for Women) | :) In 1966, Freidan helped establish the organization that adopted the tatics of the civil rights movement to get equal rights for women in areas such as job opprotunities. The wanted to ratify the ERA and push for the enforment of the other antidiscrimmanatory laws but the equal rights amendment was not passed by the required # of states to become an amendment |
| hawks and doves | :) Hawks were people who supported the Vietnam war and believed us action was necessary to protect south east asia from communism . doves opposed the war because of money spent and lives lost. This created a divide between young college students and older conservatives , contributes to the 1960s generation gap. |
| white backlash | :) Resistance t black demands led by "law and order" advocates. Whose real purpose was to oppose integration. |
| War on Poverty | :) Inspired by the book the other America president Johnson worked to end poverty in America. The OEO was created by congress to make self help programs that are still around today like head start and Job corps. Relates to the FDRs New Deal, Kennedy's New Frontier and the war on poverty reduced the number of families suffering. Lost Money to fund programs to support war in Vietnam |
| Stokley Carmichael | :) it was the head of SNCC who preached "overtaking white Americans" and preached "Black Power"-pride in history and heritage; create society apart from white society, a black civil rights activist that urged giving up peaceful demonstrations in the 1960s. More militant than MLK |
| Nixon Doctrine | :) foreign policy by Nixon that stated that Asian allies would get US help but without signifigant use of ground forces. It is signifigant because it was displayed in Nixons "Vietnamization" where he pulled troops out of the vietnam war but continued with training and federal aid. South Vietnam still fell to communism. Containmetn policy like Trum and and Eisenhower Doctrines |
| detente | :) hawing of the Cold War under President Nixon, where he deliberatly visited China and used those improved relations to pressure the Soviet Union into participating in SALT 1. Detente is significant because with SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitations), Nixon was able to slow down the arms race and reduce Cold War tensions, one of his most admirable policy that shines bright against his not so bright domestic policy. |
| articles of impeachment | :) reasons that the house judiciary commitee voted that nixon would be charged with. these were obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of congress. this is significant because it proved that the u.s. constitutional system of checks and balances worked. |
| Camp David Accords | :) framework for a peace settlement between Egypt and Isreal when president carter invited the egyptian president and isreali prime minister to camp david. This is significant because it was seen as President Carter's greatest achievement. |
| Iranian Hostage Crisis | :) The United States helped overthrow Iran's democratically elected leader for a dictatorship in order for the west to get oil, this caused islamic fundamentalists to overthow the leader and seize the U.S. embassy with 50 hostages. President Carter attempted to save them at first but this had failed which caused americans to see him as a failed president. This is also important because the new power in iran stopped oil flow to western countries causing the second great oil shortage and further inflation in the U.S. US sells rockets to iran to gain hotages freedom then take |
| cultural pluralism | :) Cultural pluralism was belief that the us mainted their own clutural identity as the diverse ethnic and clutrual grops strove not only to end discrimination and improve their lives, but also to celebrate their own unique traditions. It is signficant because it replaced the model that the united states was like a great melting pot. |
| Cesar Chavez | :) A mexican American farm worker and civil rights activist who led a boycott against low paying farm jobs for mexicans and minorities. He was significant because he helped form the National Farm Workers Association and helped to improve working conditions for migrant workers. part of larger effort to increase equality for ALL Americans (women, blacks, disabled, gays) |
| gay liberation movement | :) Sparked by a police raid on a gay bar, activists urged homosexuals to be open about their identity and to work to end discrimination and violent abuse "Civil rights movment" to gain rights for the homeosexual community and to gain equality across the board |
| Chernobyl | :) a nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union that had a meltdown in 1986. (s) The meltdown of Chernobly and the Three Mile Island power plant in Pennsylvania caused Americans to become environmentally aware and allowed congress to pass multiple protective legislation like the Clean Air and Water Act and the EPA. However, it also caused public opinion to turn against the usage of nuclear power plants which is more efficient and environmentally beneficial. |
| EPA Environmental Protection agency | :) was a governmental organization designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively affects the enviroment and human health and was significant because it marked the new federal committment to combat enviromental risks and was a triumph for the environmentalist movement. |
