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Java Games: Flashcards, matching, concentration, and word search. |
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World Geography SOL Review Part 1
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| Scale | Used to measure distance on a map. written as an equation, ratio, or ruler |
| Absolute Location | Exact location i.e.) longitude/latitude or address |
| Relative Location | Approximate location i.e.) Riverbend High School is across the street from Royal Oaks |
| Latitude | Imaginary lines running in the east/west direction around the globe. Measures the distance north/south of the equator. |
| Longitude | Imaginary lines running in the north/south direction around the globe. Measure the distance east/west of the Prime Meridian |
| Orientation | Understanding basic direction on a map |
| Map Projections | Show the round earth on a flat surface |
| Mercator Map Projection | Used by sailors due to its accurate distance between continents and despite the land size distortion |
| Robinson Map Projection | Used to show data due to the accurate shape of the continents and in spite of distance distortion |
| Polar Map Projection | Used by pilots due to accurate distance between landmasses in hemispheres shown. |
| GIS (Geographic Information Systems) | Computer programs used to plot points and other information on a map |
| Mental Maps | Maps from memory used to carry out daily activities i.e.) route to school |
| Political Map | Shows location of boundary lines i.e.) countries, states, provinces, cities, etc. |
| Physical Map | Shows location of natural features i.e.) mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts, etc. |
| Thematic Map | Shows location of any information not on a political or physical map i.e.) population density, economic activity, resources, language, ethnicity, climate, precipitation, vegetation, etc. |
| Characteristics of Climate | Temperature (how hot/cold it is outside), Precipitation (amount of moisture that falls from the atmosphere), and Seasons (winter, spring, summer, fall OR wet, dry) |
| Influences of Climate | Latitude (distance from equator); Winds (move high/low fronts, as well as ocean currents); Elevation (distance above sea level); Proximity to Water (how near/far from water); Ocean Currents (bring warm water to higher latitudes and cooler water to lower latitudes, etc.) |
| World Climate Regions | Low Latitudes (tropical wet, tropical wet/dry, arid, semiarid, highland); Middle Latitudes (semiarid, arid, Mediterranean, humid continental, marine west coast, highland); High Latitudes (subarctic, tundra, icecap); Highland (based on altitude, not latitude) |
| Vegetation Regions | Rain Forest, Savanna, Desert, Steppe, Middle Latitude Forest, Taiga, Tundra |
| Weather Phenomena | Monsoons (South/Southeast Asia); Typhoons (Pacific Ocean); Hurricanes (Atlantic Ocean); Tornadoes (United States) |
| Effects of Climate | Types of crops grown, clothing worn, types of material used and structure design for housing, natural hazards (flooding, mudslides, tsunamis, etc.) |
| Physical and Ecological Processes | Earthquakes (caused by the shifting of tectonic plates); Floods (caused by heavy rain); Volcanoes (mountains with an opening at the top where lava comes out); Erosion (break down of rocks and soil); Deposition ( depositing of broken soil and rocks from one place to another by wind or water) |
| Deforestation | Cutting down of trees i.e.) Nepal, Brazil, Malaysia |
| Desertification | The spreading of desert conditions (Sahara in Africa, Aral Sea in Asia) |
| Deterioration | Breaking down of vegetation due to pollution (Black Forest of Germany due to acid rain, Scandinavia, China and Eastern North America) |
| Depletion | Thinning and destruction of the ozone due to pollution (hole in ozone layer, smog in Mexico City) |
| Polder | Land once covered by sea that has the water removed to make dry ground (Netherlands) |
| Agricultural Terracing | Creating “steps” in the side of a hill or mountain on which to grow crops (China, Southeast Asia) |
| Chernobyl | Nuclear explosion at a power plant in the Ukraine (formerly part of the Soviet Union) |
| Influences of Technology | Agriculture: Fertilizers and mechanization (better machines); Energy Usage: use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy; Transportation: building roads (such as highways) and railways; Automobiles: building of parking lots and the beginning of suburbs; Airplanes: airport expansion and increase in noise near airports |
| Environmental Impact on Humans | Settlement Patterns: higher populations in areas around water and less harsh environments; Housing Materials: material used to build structure and design vary from one environment to another (for example, the thatched roofs in tropical environments compared to the enclosed, steeply slanted roofs in colder environments.); Agricultural Activity: crops grown according to environment (soil type, amount of water, climate, etc); Types of Recreation: skiing in the mountains, surfing in the ocean; Transportation Patterns: travel by land, sea ,or air. |
| Region | Used to simplify the world for study and understanding |
| Physical Regions | Sahara: Desert in North Africa; Taiga: evergreen forest in Northern Russia; Rainforest: tropical forests near the equator; Great Plains: rolling land in Central United States; Low Countries: Coastal region in Northwest Europe including Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg with a low coastline along the North Sea |
| Cultural Regions | Language: Latin America (Spanish) and Francophone world (French); Ethnic: Chinatowns and Kurdistan; Religion: Islam and Buddhism; Economic: Wheat Belts (in US and Europe) and the European Union; Political: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and African Union (AU); Changes in perceptions: Middle East, Sun Belt, Rust Belt (Northern United States) |
| Influence of physical characteristics on landscape | Climate affects types of natural vegetation and landforms affect transportation, population distribution, and the location of cities. |
| Influence of cultural characteristics on landscape | Architectural structures: religious buildings (mosques-Muslim, churches-Christian, synagogues-Judaism, temples-Buddhism, pagodas), dwellings (tiled roofs in Mediterranean, chalets in Switzerland, thatched roofs in Pacific Islands, tents and yurts in Central and Southwest Asia, castles in Europe); Statues and monuments of local, national, or global significance: Taj Mahal-India, Kaaba-Mecca, Western Wall-Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock-Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulcher-Jerusalem, Pyramids-Egypt, Kremlin-Moscow, Eiffel Tower-Paris, Virginia State Capital Building, Washington Monument, White House, Lincoln Memorial, Statue of Liberty |
| Influence of language by linking or dividing a region | Arab World: speak Arabic; Hispanic America: speak Spanish; Brazil: Portuguese; Canada: French and English; Switzerland: Multiple languages; English: world language |
| Influence of ethnicity by linking or dividing a region | Yugoslavia: Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Albanians; Burundi and Rwanda: Hutu and Tutsi; United States and Switzerland: unity in multiple ethnic countries; Korea and Japan: Predominantly single ethnicity; Cyprus: Greeks and Turks |
| Religion as a unifying force | People practice the five major regions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |
| Religion as a divisive force | Conflicts between Hindus and Muslims in Pakistan and India (Kashmir); Conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland; Jews, Christians, and Muslims all claiming Jerusalem as their religious heritage site; Conflicts between Sunni and Shi’a (two branches of Islam) |
| Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (be able to identify them on a map!) | Mexico and the Central America: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama; South America: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile; Caribbean: Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico |
| Physical Characteristics of Latin America and the Caribbean (know their location and be able to identify them on a map!) | Mountains: Andes-longest mountain chain in the world along the western coast of South America, Sierra Madres-along the coast of Mexico; Migration: monarch butterflies migrate to South America; Rainforests: largest rainforest in the world, Amazon, located in Brazil along with the Amazon River Basin; Coastal Desert: Atacama-Chile; Grasslands: Pampas-Argentina, Llanos-Columbia and Venezuela; Climate: reversed seasons south of the equator, predominantly tropical climate; Geological Phenomenon: earthquakes and volcanoes; Archipelagoes: Caribbean islands; Vertical Zonation: regions for growing crops based on elevation-tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fria |
| Mexico and the Central America | Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama |
| South America | Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile; |
| Caribbean | Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico |
| Physical Characteristics of Latin America and the Caribbean (know their location and be able to identify them on a map!) | Mountains: Andes-longest mountain chain in the world along the western coast of South America, Sierra Madres-along the coast of Mexico; Migration: monarch butterflies migrate to South America; Rainforests: largest rainforest in the world, Amazon, located in Brazil along with the Amazon River Basin; Coastal Desert: Atacama-Chile; Grasslands: Pampas-Argentina, Llanos-Columbia and Venezuela; Climate: reversed seasons south of the equator, predominantly tropical climate; Geological Phenomenon: earthquakes and volcanoes; Archipelagoes: Caribbean islands; Vertical Zonation: regions for growing crops based on elevation-tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fria |
| Andes | longest mountain chain in the world along the western coast of South America |
| Sierra Madres | along the coast of Mexico |
| Migration | monarch butterflies migrate to South America |
| Rainforests | largest rainforest in the world, Amazon, located in Brazil along with the Amazon River Basin |
| Amazon | located in Brazil along with the Amazon River Basin |
| Coastal Desert | Atacama-Chile |
| Grasslands | Pampas-Argentina, Llanos-Columbia and Venezuela |
| Climate | reversed seasons south of the equator, predominantly tropical climate; |
| Geological Phenomenon | earthquakes and volcanoes |
| Archipelagoes | Caribbean islands |
| Vertical Zonation | regions for growing crops based on elevation-tierra caliente, tierra templada, tierra fria |
| Economic Characteristics of Latin America and the Caribbean | Diverse economies: subsistence farms (farming food crops for your family) to plantation farms (farming cash crops), Cattle ranches run by gauchos (cowboys), oil in Ecuador, Venezuela, and Mexico, Diverse mineral resources (copper in Chile, iron ore in Venezuela and Brazil); Slash and Burn Agriculture: cut down vegetation and burn it to clear land and make fertile soil in the Amazon Rainforest. Only good for a few years with significant deforestation; Pollution in Mexico City: due to population and mountains; North American Free Trade Agreement (NATO): trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada to eliminate taxes on imported goods between the cou |
| Diverse economies | subsistence farms (farming food crops for your family) to plantation farms (farming cash crops), Cattle ranches run by gauchos (cowboys), oil in Ecuador, Venezuela, and Mexico, Diverse mineral resources (copper in Chile, iron ore in Venezuela and Brazil) |
| Slash and Burn Agriculture | cut down vegetation and burn it to clear land and make fertile soil in the Amazon Rainforest. Only good for a few years with significant deforestation |
| Pollution in Mexico City | due to population and mountains |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada to eliminate taxes on imported goods between the countries. |
| Cultural Characteristics of Latin America and the Caribbean | Indian Civilizations: Aztec-Mexico, Inca-Peru, Maya-Mexico, use of Ejidos-communal lands, landscape includes pyramids (step pyramids) and city ruins such as Tikal and Machu Picchu; European Influence: predominance of Roman Catholic religion, languages such as Portuguese and Spanish, Cathedrals, Haciendas (plantations) Mestizos-people of mixed European and Indian ancestry; African Influence: Music such as Calypso, steel drum bands, reggae; Societal: Rigid social structure (hard to move from one part of the social scale to another), settlements along the coast in South America, Megacities such as Rio de Janeiro along with squatter settlements (slums), rapid population growth, migration out of Latin America due to unemployment; Cities of culture and trade: Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Santiago |
| Indian Civilizations | Aztec-Mexico, Inca-Peru, Maya-Mexico, use of Ejidos-communal lands, landscape includes pyramids (step pyramids) and city ruins such as Tikal and Machu Picchu |
| European Influence | predominance of Roman Catholic religion, languages such as Portuguese and Spanish, Cathedrals, Haciendas (plantations) Mestizos-people of mixed European and Indian ancestry |
| African Influence | Music such as Calypso, steel drum bands, reggae |
| Societal | Rigid social structure (hard to move from one part of the social scale to another), settlements along the coast in South America, Megacities such as Rio de Janeiro along with squatter settlements (slums), rapid population growth, migration out of Latin America due to unemployment |
| Cities of culture and trade | Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Santiago |
| Countries of Europe (be able to identify them on a map!) | Norway, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Ukraine, France, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy |
| Physical Characteristics of Europe (know their locations and be able to identify them on a map!) | Part of the landmass called Eurasia; Peninsulas: Iberian-Spain and Portugal, Italian-Italy, Scandinavian-Norway and Sweden, Jutland-Denmark, Balkan-Greece, Slovenia, Romania, Albania; Islands: Great Britain, Ireland, Sicily, Iceland; Fjords: inlet of sea between two mountains-Netherlands; Mountains: Alps-Italy, Pyrenees-Spain; North European Plain: agricultural region of Europe; Rivers: Danube, Rhine, Seine, Volga; Seas: Adriatic, Aegean, Mediterranean, Baltic, Black, North; Oceans: Atlantic and Arctic; Strait of Gibraltar-separates Spain from Morocco; Varied Climate Regions: Tundra to Mediterranean; North Atlantic Drift: prevailing westerlies warms Western Coast |
| Eurasia; Peninsulas | Iberian-Spain and Portugal, Italian-Italy, Scandinavian-Norway and Sweden, Jutland-Denmark, Balkan-Greece, Slovenia, Romania, Albania |
| European Islands | Great Britain, Ireland, Sicily, Iceland; Fjords: inlet of sea between two mountains-Netherlands |
| European Mountains | Alps-Italy, Pyrenees-Spain; North European Plain: agricultural region of Europe |
| European Rivers | Danube, Rhine, Seine, Volga; Seas: Adriatic, Aegean, Mediterranean, Baltic, Black, North |
| European Oceans | Atlantic and Arctic |
| Strait of Gibraltar | separates Spain from Morocco |
| Varied European Climate Regions | Tundra to Mediterranean |
| North Atlantic Drift | prevailing westerlies warms Western Coast |
| Economic Characteristics of Europe | Mountain Regions: bring tourism and recreation (skiing), mineral resources (coal, iron, etc.); Areas threatened by pollution: Black Forest Germany, cities such as Venice, Rivers such as the Rhine, Danube, Seine; Development of industrial and transportation centers around mineral deposits, coal and iron ore-Rhine Valley in Germany and Po Valley in Italy; Rivers and canals are major transportation links; Oil reserves in the North Sea; Well-educated work force includes industrial and technological societies, banking in Switzerland; High crop yields from advanced farming techniques, fertile soil, chernozem (black soil); Well developed infrastructure-Chunnel; Different economic systems means differences in Western and European industrial development (more industry in the West); EU (European Union) means more unity for member countries; Government has large role in countries such as Sweden and Denmark; Eastern Europe transitioning from communism to capitalism; Polders in Netherlands allows for more land; Developed economies seen through high per capita GDP, High life expectancy, low population growth rate, low infant mortality, low percentage of population under 15, High literacy rate |
| Cultural Characteristics of Europe | Birthplace of Industrial Revolution; Many ethnic groups seen through languages, religions, customs; Sporadic conflicts among groups (wars and revolutions); Birthplace of western culture from Rome and Greece; Exploration, colonization, and imperialism led to spread of European culture to many other parts of the world; highly urbanized and one of the world’s most densely populated areas; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); Cities of Culture and Trade: Berlin-Germany, London-England, Paris-France, Madrid-Spain, Rome-Italy, Athens-Greece, Warsaw-Poland; Cultural Landscape includes: Notre Dame, Arch de Triumph, Louvre, Eiffel Tower-France, Colosseum, Leaning Tower of Pisa, St. Peter’s Basilica-Italy, Parthenon-Greece, Westminster Abbey, Big Ben-England, Windmills-Netherlands, Castles |
| Countries of the United States and Canada | United States and Canada |
| Physical Characteristics of US and Canada | Abundant natural resources; Continental Divide found along Rocky Mountains; Rivers: Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Colorado, Columbia, Rio Grande; Other Water Features: Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay; Landforms: Appalachian Mountains (Eastern), Pacific Coastal Range (West), Basin and Range, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Interior Lowlands, Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, Canadian Shield, Grand Canyon (Arizona), Columbia Plateau, Colorado Plateau; Varied Climate Ranges: Tundra in Alaska to tropical in Hawaii |
| Rivers of US and Canada | Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Colorado, Columbia, Rio Grande |
| Other Water Features of US and Canada | Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay; |
| Landforms of US and Canada | Appalachian Mountains (Eastern), Pacific Coastal Range (West), Basin and Range, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Interior Lowlands, Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, Canadian Shield, Grand Canyon (Arizona), Columbia Plateau, Colorado Plateau |
| Landforms of US and Canada (Eastern) | Appalachian Mountains |
| Landforms of US and Canada (West) | Pacific Coastal Range |
| Landforms of US and Canada (Basin and Range) | Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Interior Lowlands, Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, Canadian Shield, Grand Canyon (Arizona), Columbia Plateau, Colorado Plateau |
| Varied Climate Ranges of US and Canada | Tundra in Alaska to tropical in Hawaii |
| Economic Characteristics of US and Canada | Major exporter of technology, consumer goods, information systems, and foodstuff; Highly developed infrastructures; Highly diversified economies; Rich supply of mineral, energy, and forest resources; Members of NAFTA; Multinational Corporations-businesses found in more than one country; World financial markets in New York Stock Exchange; Sustained economic growth, widening the gap between rich and poor; Export of U.S. culture through the global market such as McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, music, and blue jeans |
| Cultural Characteristics of US and Canada | Colonized by Europeans leads to multi-cultural society reflected through the arts; increase diverse populations; High literacy rate; High standard of Living; Highly urbanized; Canada struggles to maintain a national identity (Quebec wanting to be independent ); Highly mobile populations; Has world’s longest unfortified border between two countries; Democratic governments; Member of NATO; Cities of culture and trade: Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa (capital of Canada), Vancouver, British Columbia, Washington D.C., Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston; Cultural Landscape includes: U.S. Capital Building-Washington D.C., Golden Gate Bridge-San Francisco, Wheat Fields-Wheat Belt, Skyscraper, shopping malls, Bilingual signs, Influence of automobile (gas stations, motels, interstate highways, drive-up services) |
| Cities of culture and trade of US and Canada | Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa (capital of Canada), Vancouver, British Columbia, Washington D.C., Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston; |
| Cultural Landscape of US and Canada | U.S. Capital Building-Washington D.C., Golden Gate Bridge-San Francisco, Wheat Fields-Wheat Belt, Skyscraper, shopping malls, Bilingual signs, Influence of automobile (gas stations, motels, interstate highways, drive-up services) |
| North Africa and Southwest Asia (Middle East) Countries | Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Israel, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Iran, Turkey, Egypt |
| North Africa and Southwest Asia Physical Features | Crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia; Climates: Desert-Sahara; Mountains: Atlas-North Africa, Taurus-Turkey, Zagros-Iran; Water Features: Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian/Arabian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Bosporus Strait, Dardanelles Strait, Nile River, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Jordan River; Seasonal flooding of rivers allows for fertile, alluvial soil; Oases and wadis allow for travel in desert regions |
| Climates of North Africa and Southwest Asia | Desert-Sahara |
| Mountains of North Africa and Southwest Asia | Atlas-North Africa, Taurus-Turkey, Zagros-Iran |
| Water Features of North Africa and Southwest Asia | Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Black Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian/Arabian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Bosporus Strait, Dardanelles Strait, Nile River, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Jordan River; Seasonal flooding of rivers allows for fertile, alluvial soil; Oases and wadis allow for travel in desert regions |
| Economic Characteristics of North Africa and Southwest Asia | Heavy reliance on primary level of production (oil drilling, agriculture, pastorialism); Major producers of world’s oil; Positive effects of oil: increase revenue; Negative effects of oil: dispute between traditionalists and globalization; Most precious resources: water; Variation in standard of living from high to poverty-stricken; Regional conflicts decrease tourism; Aswan High Dam: positive-increase farmland, hydroelectric power, irrigation—negative-stops flooding of river, use of fertilizers led to pollution; Guest workers leave region to go to Europe; Suez Canal: major shipping route for Mediterranean to Red Sea; Wide range of GDP and levels of development; Contemporary sea routes used for transporting oil |
| primary level of production of North Africa and Southwest Asia | (oil drilling, agriculture, pastorialism); Major producers of world’s oil; |
| Positive effects of oil in North Africa and Southwest Asia | increase revenue |
| Negative effects of oil in North Africa and Southwest Asia | dispute between traditionalists and globalization |
| Most precious resources of North Africa and Southwest Asia | water |
| Suez Canal | major shipping route for Mediterranean to Red Sea |
| Aswan High Dam | positive-increase farmland, hydroelectric power, irrigation—negative-stops flooding of river, use of fertilizers led to pollution; Guest workers leave region to go to Europe |
| Culture of North Africa and Southwest Asia | Rapid urbanization with centers of modernization while traditional life continues in rural areas; Large percentage of population under 15; Uneven distribution of population; Arab countries speak the Arabic language—Non-Arab countries: Turkey, Israel, Iran; Birthplace of monotheistic religions-Christianity, Judaism, Islam; Conflict over Palestine; Nomadic lifestyles; Art reflects diversity of religion-stained glass (Christian), geomantic tiles (Islamic), Calligraphy, mosaics (Islam), prayer rugs (Islam); Cities of Culture and Trade: Baghdad-Iraq, Cairo-Egypt, Istanbul-Turkey, Jerusalem-Israel, Mecca-Saudi Arabia, Tehran-Iran; Cultural Landscape reflects: Mosques and Minarets (Islam), Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem), Hagia Sophia (Turkey), Bazzars (suqs), Western Wall (Jerusalem), Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem), Kaaba (Saudi Arabia), Pyramids (Egypt), Oil rigs, Walled Cities |
| Cities of Culture and Trade in North Africa and Southwest Asia | Baghdad-Iraq, Cairo-Egypt, Istanbul-Turkey, Jerusalem-Israel, Mecca-Saudi Arabia, Tehran-Iran |
| Countries of Sub Sahara Africa | South Africa, Gabon, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Chad, Mozambique, Madagascar, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya |
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